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Quercus infectoria

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+#REDIRECT [[Quercus infectoria]] {{R from merge}}
-{{Orphan|date=October 2015}}
-{{taxobox
-|name = Aleppo oak
-|image = Quercus infectoria.jpg
-|image_caption=1873 illustration<ref>1873 illustration from The American Cyclopaedia by George Ripley & Charles A. Dana</ref>
-|image2 = Gall on quercus boissieri, Israel.jpg
-|image2_caption=gall
-|regnum= [[Plant]]ae
-|unranked_divisio= [[Angiosperms]]
-|unranked_classis= [[Eudicots]]
-|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
-|ordo= [[Fagales]]
-|familia= [[Fagaceae]]
-|genus= ''[[Oak|Quercus]]''
-|sectio = ''[[Quercus|Cerris]]''
-|species= '''''Quercus infectoria'''''
-|binomial= ''Quercus infectoria''
-|binomial_authority = [[Oliv.]] 1801
-|synonyms ={{collapsible list|bullets = true
-|''Quercus carpinea'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
-|''Quercus grosseserrata'' <small>Kotschy ex Wenz.</small>
-|''Quercus puberula'' <small>O.Schwarz</small>
-|''Quercus thirkeana'' <small>K.Koch</small>
-|''Quercus amblyoprion'' <small>Woronow ex Maleev</small>
-|''Quercus araxina'' <small>(Trautv.) Grossh.</small>
-|''Quercus boissieri'' <small>Reut.</small>
-|''Quercus goedelii'' <small>Balansa & Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
-|''Quercus inermis'' <small>Ehrenb. ex Kotschy</small>
-|''Quercus microphylla'' <small>J.Thiébaut 1948 not Née 1801</small>
-|''Quercus petiolaris'' <small>Boiss. & Heldr. 1853 not Benth. 1840</small>
-|''Quercus pfaeffingeri'' <small>Kotschy</small>
-|''Quercus polycarpos'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
-|''Quercus syriaca'' <small>Kotschy</small>
-|''Quercus tauricola'' <small>Kotschy</small>
-|''Quercus tenuicola'' <small>Boiss.</small>
-|''Quercus veneris'' <small>A.Kern.</small>
-|''Quercus woronowii'' <small>Maleev</small>  }}
-|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/13100424 ''Quercus infectoria'' Olivier] Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden</ref><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-173331 ''Quercus infectoria'' G.Olivier is an accepted name ]. Kew Plant List</ref>
-|}}
-{{main article|Quercus infectoria}}{{Merge to|Quercus infectoria|date=August 2016}}
-'''Manjakani''' is the name used in Malaysia for the galls of the '''''Quercus infectoria''''' tree ('''Aleppo oak''') a species of [[oak]], that have been used for centuries in [[Tanning (leather)|softening leather and in making black dye and ink]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Indian Medicinal Plants|last = Kottakkal AVS|publisher = |year = 1995|isbn = |location = |pages = }}</ref>
-==Name==
-In [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] the galls of the Quercus Infectoria tree are known as '''Manjakani''' and in India '''Majuphal''' among many other names.
-==Occurrence==
-''Quercus infectoria'' is indigenous to parts of [[southern Europe]] ([[Greece]] and the East [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] Islands) and the [[Middle East]] ([[Turkey]], [[Cyprus]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Kurdistan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]]).<ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_3 T. K. Lim 2012. Quercus infectoria. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, pages 16-26]</ref> It also grows in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southwestern Asia]].
-==Description==
-The '''galls''' arise on young branches of the Quercus Infectoria tree when [[gall wasp]]s<ref name="TradMed">{{cite book |author1 = Muhamad Z|author2 = Mustafa AM|title = Traditional Malay Medicinal Plants.|year = 1994|location = Kuala Lumpur|publisher = Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd}}</ref>  sting the oak tree and deposit their larvae the chemical reaction causes an abnormality in the oak tree causing hard balls to be formed. They are [[wikt:corrugated|corrugated]] in appearance.
-==Constituents==
-The main constituents found in the galls of ''Quercus infectoria'' are tannin (50-70%, the highest naturally occurring tannin concentration)<ref name=SyringicAcid/> and small amounts (2-4% each) of free [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]], which are [[polymerization|polymerized]] to make tannins.<ref name=Ikram>{{cite book |author1=Ikram M |author2=Nowshad F |title=Constituents of Quercus infectoria. |year=1997 |publisher=Planta Med}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/866492?dopt=Abstract PubMed]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Evans WC |title=Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin. |year=1996 |publisher=WB Saunders Co. Ltd. |location=London }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Wiart C |author2=Kumar A |title= Practical Handbook of Pharmacognosy. |year=2001 |publisher=Pearson Education Malaysia Sdn Bhd |location=Malaysia }}</ref> Other constituents are [[syringic acid]], [[Beta-Sitosterol|β-sitosterol]], [[amentoflavone]], hexamethyl [[ether]], [[isocryptomerin]], methyl betulate, methyl oleanate and hexagalloyl glucose.<ref name=SyringicAcid>{{cite book |author1=Dar MS |author2=Ikram M |title=Studies on Quercus infectoria; isolation of syringic acid and determination of its central depressive activity. |year=1979 |publisher=Planta Med.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Hwang JK |author2=Kong TW |author3=Baek NI |author4=Pyun YR |title=alpha-Glycosidase inhibitory activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria |year=2000 |publisher=Planta Med.}}</ref>
-===Tannins from the nutgalls===
-Tannins comprise a large group of natural products widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They have a great structural diversity, but are usually divided into two basic groups: the hydrolyzable type and the condensed type. Hydrolyzable tannins include the commonly occurring gallic and ellagic acid contained in the nut galls.
-Hydrolyzable tannins are present in many different plant species but are found in particularly high concentrations in nut galls growing on ''[[Rhus semialata]]'' (Chinese and Korean gallotannins) and ''Quercus infectoria'' (Turkish and Chinese gallotannins), the seedpods of ''[[Caesalpinia spinosa]]'' (Tara tannins), and the fruits of ''[[Terminalia chebula]]''. The gallic and ellagic acid hydrolyzable tannins react with proteins to produce typical tanning effects; medicinally, this is important to topically treat inflamed or ulcerated tissues.They also contribute to most of the astringent property of ''manjakani'' and in small insignificant doses, are great for skin whitening and killing microorganisms.
-Although both types of tannin have been used to treat diseases in traditional medicine, the [[Hydrolysis|hydrolyzable]] tannins have long been considered official medicinal agents in Europe and North America. They have been included in many [[pharmacopoeia]]s, in the older editions in particular, and are specifically referred to as tannic acid. These were recommended for treatment of inflammation and [[ulcer]]ation, including topical application for skin diseases and internal use for intestinal ulceration and diarrhea. In China, tannin-containing substances, such as galls, [[pomegranate]] rinds, and [[Terminalia (plant)|terminalia]] fruits, are used in several medicinal preparations.
-==Uses of the galls==
-Nowadays, gall nut extracts are widely used in pharmaceuticals, medical laboratory techniques as well as inks which use "[[Aleppo tannin]]",<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13863/Aleppo-oak Encyclopædia Britannica, Aleppo oak ] |accessdate=17 May 2015</ref> food and feed additives, dyes, and metallurgy.
-===Tanning===
-[[Tannin]], a substance contained in the galls of the ''Quercus infectoria'', has been used for centuries for the [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] of leather.
-===Medical laboratory techniques===
-The so-called "Aleppo tannin" is [[tannic acid]] gained from Aleppo pine galls, which displays unique chemical properties essential in the preparation of gold [[Sol (colloid)|sols]] (colloids) used as markers in [[immunocytochemistry]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Electron Microscopy in Microbiology |volume =20 |author=Frank Mayer |year=1988 |location=London |publisher=Academic Press |page=216 |isbn=9780080860497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzT9eWxtmRgC&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216 |accessdate=17 May 2015 }}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite book |title=Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry |author=Gareth Griffiths |year=1993 |location=Berlin & Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |page=185 |isbn=978-3-642-77097-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPDxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285}}</ref>
-===Pharmacology===
-The wide range of pharmacological activities of this plant might support the efficacy of extract preparation of ''Quercus infectoria'' that have been widely used in Malaysia for centuries for treating a variety of health problems. The galls of ''Quercus infectoria'' have been pharmacologically documented to possess [[astringent]], [[Anti-diabetic medication|antidiabetic]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hwang JK |author2=Kong TW |author3=Baek NI |author4=Pyun YR |title=α-Glycosidase Inhibitory Activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of ''Quercus infectoria''. |year=2000 |publisher=Planta Med }}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10821056?dopt=Abstract PubMed]</ref> anti[[tremor]]ine, [[local anaesthetic]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Dar MS |author2=Ikram M |author3=Fakouhi T |title=Pharmacology of ''Quercus infectoria''. |year=1976 |publisher=J Pharm Sci }}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054840?dopt=Abstract PubMed][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054840?dopt=Abstract PubMed]</ref> [[Antiviral drug|antiviral]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hussein G |author2=Miyashiro H |author3=Nakamura N |author4=Hattori M |author5=Kakiuchi N |author6=Shimotohno K |title=Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus protease. |year=2000 |publisher=Phytother Res }}[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7%3C510::AID-PTR646%3E3.0.CO;2-B/abstract Ful Text]</ref> [[Antibiotics|antibacterial]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Fatima S |author2=Farooqi AHA |author3=Kumar R |author4=Kumar TRS |author5=Khanuja SPS |title=Antibacterial activity possessed by medicinal plants used in tooth powders. |year=2001 |publisher=J Med Aromatic Plant Sci }}</ref> [[antifungal]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Digraki M |author2=Alma MH |author3=Ilcim A |author4=Sen S |title=Antibacterial and antifungal effects of various commercial plant extracts. |year=1999 |publisher=Pharm Biol }}</ref> [[larvicidal]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Redwane A |author2=Lazrek HB |author3=Bouallam S |author4=Markouk M |author5=Amarouch H |author6=Jana M |title=Larvicidal activity of extracts from ''Quercus lusitania'' var. ''infectoria'' galls (Oliv.). |year=2002 |publisher=J Ethnopharmacol}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801390?dopt=Abstract PubMed][http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874101003907 Full Text]</ref> [[anti-inflammatory]],<ref name="PubMed">{{cite book |author1=Kaur G |author2=Alam MS |author3=Athar M |title=''Quercus infectoria'' galls possess antioxidant activity and abrogates oxidative stress-induced functional alterations in murine macrophages. |year=2007 |publisher=Chem Biol Interact}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076871 PubMed]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Kaur G |author2=Hamid H |author3=Ali A |author4=Alam MS |author5=Athar M |title=Antiinflammatory evaluation of alcoholic extract of galls of ''Quercus infectoria''. |year=2004 |publisher=J Ethnopharmacol}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15013194?dopt=Abstract PubMed][http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874103003957 Full Text]</ref> anti[[amoebic]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sawangjaroen |author2=Sawangjaroen K |author3=Poonpanang P. |title=Effects of ''Piper longum'' fruit, ''Piper sarmentosum'' root and ''Quercus infectoria'' nut gall on caecal amoebiasis in mice. |year=2004 |publisher=J Ethnopharmacol|display-authors=etal}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15120461 PubMed]</ref> and are used to treat [[Skin and skin structure infection|skin infections]], [[Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] disorders.
-=== Teeth and gum remedy ===
-Also known as ''majuphal'' in Indian traditional medicine, ''manjakani'' has been used as dental powder and in the treatment of [[toothache]] and [[gingivitis]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kottakkal AVS. |title=Indian Medicinal Plants. |year=1995 |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd. |volume=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bhattacharjee SK. |title=Handbook of Medicinal Plants. |year=2001 |location=India |publisher=Pointer Publishers }}</ref>
-===Uterine and vaginal therapy===
-The galls, locally known as ''manjakani'' in Malaysia, are used in combination with other herbs as drinking remedies by women after childbirth to restore the elasticity of the uterine wall, and in many vaginal tightening products.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Muhamad Z |author2=Mustafa AM |title=Traditional Malay Medicinal Plants. |year=1994 |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd }}</ref> The extract of ''manjakani'' was claimed by the [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] [[Kelantan]]ese to be highly beneficial for postpartum women. Hazardous effects of the extract were not reported so far. In addition, the Arabs, Persians, Indians, Malays and Chinese have traditionally used the galls after childbirth to treat vaginal discharge and related postpartum infections.
-== See also ==
-* [[Herbal medicine]]
-* [[List of Quercus species]]
-* [[Medicinal plants]]
-* [[Quercus infectoria]]
-* [[Quercus lusitanica]]
-* [[Succulent plants]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-==External links==
-* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03979.x/full Detailed studies on ''Quercus infectoria'' Olivier (nutgalls) as an alternative treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections]
-* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24144128 Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of ''Quercus infectoria'' Olivier (Fagaceae).]
-* [http://ijp-online.com/article.asp?issn=0253-7613;year=2005;volume=37;issue=1;spage=26;epage=29;aulast=Basri The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of ''Quercus infectoria'' as antibacterial agents]
-* [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/gallnuts.htm Gallnuts and the Uses of Tannins in Chinese Medicine]
-* [http://www.vaginal-tightening.com/manjakani-for-vaginal-tightening.php Manjakani for vaginal tightening]
-* [http://ijppr.com/PDF/6/IJPPR,Vol6,Issue4,Article1.pdf Scanning Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (Sem-Edx) Studies of Quercus infectoria Gall]
-{{commons and category|Quercus infectoria}}
-{{sp|Q|uercus|infectoria}}
-{{Tannin source}}
-[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
-[[Category:Quercus]]
-[[Category:Plants described in 1801]]
-[[Category:Trees of Europe]]
-[[Category:Trees of Asia]]
-[[Category:Tannins]]