Jump to content

Crenicichla: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Add from=Q3482 to {{Taxonbar}}; WP:GenFixes on, using AWB
Rdmpage (talk | contribs)
198 edits
Added DOIs to references
Line 12: Line 12:
}}
}}


'''''Crenicichla''''' is a [[genus]] of [[cichlid]]s native to [[South America]] commonly known as the '''pike cichlids'''. They are found in most [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] freshwater habitats between the [[Andes]] and the [[Atlantic]].<ref name=Kullander2006>Kullander, S.O. & Lucena, C.A. (2006): A review of the species of ''Crenicichla'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Atlantic coastal rivers of southeastern Brazil from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul States, with descriptions of three new species. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 4 (2): 127–146.''</ref>
'''''Crenicichla''''' is a [[genus]] of [[cichlid]]s native to [[South America]] commonly known as the '''pike cichlids'''. They are found in most [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] freshwater habitats between the [[Andes]] and the [[Atlantic]].<ref name="Kullander2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kullander|first1=Sven O.|last2=Lucena|first2=Carlos A. Santos de|title=A review of the species of Crenicichla (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Atlantic coastal rivers of southeastern Brazil from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul States, with descriptions of three new species|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology|date=June 2006|volume=4|issue=2|pages=127–146|doi=10.1590/s1679-62252006000200001}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Line 18: Line 18:


== Distribution and ecology ==
== Distribution and ecology ==
The genus ''Crenicichla'' is native to [[freshwater]] in tropical and [[subtropical]] South America east of the Andes, ranging from [[Trinidad]] and the [[Guiana Shield]] (including [[Orinoco]]), through the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] and [[Río de la Plata Basin]]s, south as far as [[Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro]] in [[Argentina]].<ref name=Pialek2012>Piálek, Říčan, Casciotta & Zrzavý (2012). ''Multilocus phylogeny of Crenicichla (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with biogeography of the C. lacustris group: Species flocks as a model for sympatric speciation in rivers.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62(1): 46-61.</ref> Although widespread as a group, the individual species are often restricted to a single river or [[river basin]].<ref name=Pialek2012/><ref name=Pialek2015/> They are found in a wide range of habitats, including rivers, streams, pools and lakes; some species are [[rheophilic]].<ref name=Pialek2012/><ref name=Pialek2015/>
The genus ''Crenicichla'' is native to [[freshwater]] in tropical and [[subtropical]] South America east of the Andes, ranging from [[Trinidad]] and the [[Guiana Shield]] (including [[Orinoco]]), through the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] and [[Río de la Plata Basin]]s, south as far as [[Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro]] in [[Argentina]]. <ref name="Pialek2012">{{cite journal|last1=Piálek|first1=Lubomír|last2=Říčan|first2=Oldřich|last3=Casciotta|first3=Jorge|last4=Almirón|first4=Adriana|last5=Zrzavý|first5=Jan|title=Multilocus phylogeny of Crenicichla (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with biogeography of the C. lacustris group: Species flocks as a model for sympatric speciation in rivers|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=January 2012|volume=62|issue=1|pages=46–61|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.006}}</ref> Although widespread as a group, the individual species are often restricted to a single river or [[river basin]].<ref name=Pialek2012/><ref name=Pialek2015/> They are found in a wide range of habitats, including rivers, streams, pools and lakes; some species are [[rheophilic]].<ref name=Pialek2012/><ref name=Pialek2015/>


The vast majority of pike cichlids are [[predatory]] and feed on fish, insects, and other small animals. They usually place themselves where they can stay undetected by the prey, like close to a sunken tree stem or behind a rock. This behavior, as well as the correspondingly [[adaptation (biology)|adapted]] shape, which resembles that the unrelated [[Esox|pike]]s (Esocidae) of the [[Holarctic]], gives the pike cichlids their common name. An exception is ''C. tapii'', which is similar in general appearance to other pike cichlids, but unusual for being gregarious and feeding on [[periphyton]].<ref name=Pialek2015/>
The vast majority of pike cichlids are [[predatory]] and feed on fish, insects, and other small animals. They usually place themselves where they can stay undetected by the prey, like close to a sunken tree stem or behind a rock. This behavior, as well as the correspondingly [[adaptation (biology)|adapted]] shape, which resembles that the unrelated [[Esox|pike]]s (Esocidae) of the [[Holarctic]], gives the pike cichlids their common name. An exception is ''C. tapii'', which is similar in general appearance to other pike cichlids, but unusual for being gregarious and feeding on [[periphyton]].<ref name=Pialek2015/>
Line 31: Line 31:
* ''[[Crenicichla albopunctata]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1904</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla albopunctata]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1904</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla alta]]'' <small>[[Carl H. Eigenmann|C. H. Eigenmann]], 1912</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla alta]]'' <small>[[Carl H. Eigenmann|C. H. Eigenmann]], 1912</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla anamiri]]'' <small>[[Priscila Madoka Miyake Ito|P. M. M. Ito]] & [[Lúcia Helena Rapp Py-Daniel|Rapp Py-Daniel]], 2015</small> <ref name=Ito2015>Ito, P.M.M. & Rapp Py-Daniel, L.H. (2015): A small new species of ''Crenicichla'' Heckel, 1840 from middle rio Xingu, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae). ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 13 (3): 471-478.''</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla anamiri]]'' <small>[[Priscila Madoka Miyake Ito|P. M. M. Ito]] & [[Lúcia Helena Rapp Py-Daniel|Rapp Py-Daniel]], 2015</small> <ref name="Ito2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ito|first1=Priscila Madoka M.|last2=Py-Daniel|first2=Lúcia H. Rapp|title=A small new species of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 from middle rio Xingu, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae)|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology|date=September 2015|volume=13|issue=3|pages=471–478|doi=10.1590/1982-0224-20140105}}</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla anthurus]]'' <small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1872</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla anthurus]]'' <small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1872</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla brasiliensis]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1792)</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla brasiliensis]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1792)</small>
Line 37: Line 37:
* ''[[Crenicichla cametana]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1911</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla cametana]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1911</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla celidochilus]]'' <small>[[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], 1987</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla celidochilus]]'' <small>[[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], 1987</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla chicha]]'' <small>[[Henrique Rosa Varella|H. R. Varella]], [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]] & [[Flávio César Thadeo de Lima|F. C. T. Lima]], 2012</small><ref name=Varella2012>Varella, H.R., Kullander, S.O. & Lima, F.C.T. (2012): [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v10n2/02.pdf ''Crenicichla chicha'', a new species of pike cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the rio Papagaio, upper rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil.] ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 10 (2): 233-244.''</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla chicha]]'' <small>[[Henrique Rosa Varella|H. R. Varella]], [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]] & [[Flávio César Thadeo de Lima|F. C. T. Lima]], 2012</small> <ref name="Varella2012">{{cite journal|last1=Varella|first1=Henrique R.|last2=Kullander|first2=Sven O.|last3=Lima|first3=Flávio C. T.|title=Crenicichla chicha, a new species of pike cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the rio Papagaio, upper rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology|date=2012|volume=10|issue=2|pages=233–244|doi=10.1590/s1679-62252012000200002}}</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla cincta]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1905</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla cincta]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1905</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla compressiceps]]'' <small>[[Alex Ploeg|Ploeg]], 1986</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla compressiceps]]'' <small>[[Alex Ploeg|Ploeg]], 1986</small>
Line 47: Line 47:
* ''[[Crenicichla gaucho]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla gaucho]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla geayi]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1903</small> (Half-banded pike cichlid)
* ''[[Crenicichla geayi]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1903</small> (Half-banded pike cichlid)
* ''[[Crenicichla gillmorlisi]]'' <small>[[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]] & [[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]], 2013</small> <ref name=Kullander2013>Kullander, S.O. & Lucena, C.A.S.d. (2013): [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/zt03641p164.pdf ''Crenicichla gillmorlisi'', a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Paraná river drainage in Paraguay.] ''Zootaxa, 3641 (2): 149–164.''</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla gillmorlisi]]'' <small>[[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]] & [[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]], 2013</small> <ref name="Kullander2013">{{cite journal|last1=KULLANDER|first1=SVEN O.|last2=DE LUCENA|first2=CARLOS A. SANTOS|title=<i>Crenicichla gillmorlisi</i>, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Paraná river drainage in Paraguay|journal=Zootaxa|date=23 April 2013|volume=3641|issue=2|pages=149|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3641.2.3}}</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla hadrostigma]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]], 2007</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla hadrostigma]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]], 2007</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla haroldoi]]'' <small>[[José A. Luengo|Luengo]] & [[Heraldo Antonio Britski|Britski]], 1974</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla haroldoi]]'' <small>[[José A. Luengo|Luengo]] & [[Heraldo Antonio Britski|Britski]], 1974</small>
Line 79: Line 79:
* ''[[Crenicichla minuano]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla minuano]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla missioneira]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla missioneira]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla monicae]]'' <small>[[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]] & [[Henrique Rosa Varella|H. R. Varella]], 2015</small> (Wallace’s pike cichlid) <ref name=Kullander2015>Kullander, S.O. & Varella, H.R. (2015): Wallace’s Pike Cichlid Gets a Name after 160 Years: A New Species of Cichlid Fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Upper Rio Negro in Brazil. ''Copeia, 103 (3): 512-519.''</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla monicae]]'' <small>[[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]] & [[Henrique Rosa Varella|H. R. Varella]], 2015</small> (Wallace’s pike cichlid) <ref name="Kullander2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kullander|first1=Sven O.|last2=Varella|first2=Henrique R.|title=Wallace’s Pike Cichlid Gets a Name after 160 Years: A New Species of Cichlid Fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Upper Rio Negro in Brazil|journal=Copeia|date=September 2015|volume=103|issue=3|pages=512–519|doi=10.1643/ci-14-169}}</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla mucuryna]]'' <small>[[Rudolpho Theodor Wilhelm Gaspar von Ihering|R. Ihering]] ([[:pt:Rodolpho von Ihering|pt]]), 1914</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla mucuryna]]'' <small>[[Rudolpho Theodor Wilhelm Gaspar von Ihering|R. Ihering]] ([[:pt:Rodolpho von Ihering|pt]]), 1914</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla multispinosa]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1903</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla multispinosa]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1903</small>
Line 105: Line 105:
* ''[[Crenicichla strigata]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla strigata]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla sveni]]'' <small>[[Alex Ploeg|Ploeg]], 1991</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla sveni]]'' <small>[[Alex Ploeg|Ploeg]], 1991</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla taikyra]]'' <small>[[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], [[Adriana Edith Almirón|Almirón]], [[Danilo Ramon Aichino|Aichino]], [[Sergio Enrique Gómez|S. E. Gómez]], [[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], [[Adriana Edith Almirón|Almirón]] & [[Oldřich Říčan|Říčan]], 2013</small> <ref name=Casciotta2013>Casciotta, J., Almirón, A., Aichino, D., Gómez, S., Piálek, L. & Rícan, O. (2013): ''Crenicichla taikyra'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of pike cichlid from the middle río Paraná, Argentina. ''Zootaxa, 3721 (4): 379–386.''</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla taikyra]]'' <small>[[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], [[Adriana Edith Almirón|Almirón]], [[Danilo Ramon Aichino|Aichino]], [[Sergio Enrique Gómez|S. E. Gómez]], [[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], [[Adriana Edith Almirón|Almirón]] & [[Oldřich Říčan|Říčan]], 2013</small> <ref name="Casciotta2013">{{cite journal|last1=CASCIOTTA|first1=JORGE|last2=ALMIRÓN|first2=ADRIANA|last3=AICHINO|first3=DANILO|last4=GÓMEZ|first4=SERGIO|last5=PIÁLEK|first5=LUBOMÍR|last6=ŘÍČAN|first6=OLDŘICH|title=<p><strong><em>Crenicichla taikyra</em> (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of pike cichlid from the middle río Paraná, Argentina</strong></p>|journal=Zootaxa|date=16 October 2013|volume=3721|issue=4|pages=379|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3721.4.5}}</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla tapii]]'' <small>[[Lubomír Piálek|Piálek]], [[Klára Dragová|Dragová]], [[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], [[Adriana Edith Almirón|Almirón]] & [[Oldřich Říčan|Říčan]], 2015</small> <ref name=Pialek2015>Piálek, L., Dragová, K., Casciotta, J., Almirón, A. & Říčan, O. (2015): Description of two new species of ''Crenicichla'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the lower Iguazú River with a taxonomic reappraisal of ''C. iguassuensis'', ''C. tesay'' and ''C. yaha''. ''Historia Natural, 5 (2): 5-27.''</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla tapii]]'' <small>[[Lubomír Piálek|Piálek]], [[Klára Dragová|Dragová]], [[Jorge Rafael Casciotta|Casciotta]], [[Adriana Edith Almirón|Almirón]] & [[Oldřich Říčan|Říčan]], 2015</small> <ref name=Pialek2015>Piálek, L., Dragová, K., Casciotta, J., Almirón, A. & Říčan, O. (2015): Description of two new species of ''Crenicichla'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the lower Iguazú River with a taxonomic reappraisal of ''C. iguassuensis'', ''C. tesay'' and ''C. yaha''. ''Historia Natural, 5 (2): 5-27.''</ref>
* ''[[Crenicichla tendybaguassu]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>
* ''[[Crenicichla tendybaguassu]]'' <small>[[Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena|C. A. S. de Lucena]] & [[Sven Oscar Kullander|S. O. Kullander]], 1992</small>

Revision as of 06:27, 20 May 2018

Crenicichla
Crenicichla punctata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Subtribe: Crenicaratina
Genus: Crenicichla
Heckel, 1840
Type species
Crenicichla macrophthalma
Heckel, 1840
Synonyms

Batrachops Heckel, 1840
Boggiania Perugia, 1897

Crenicichla is a genus of cichlids native to South America commonly known as the pike cichlids. They are found in most tropical and subtropical freshwater habitats between the Andes and the Atlantic.[1]

Description

The smallest species of Crenicichla (notably members of the C. wallacii species group) are no larger than 6–14 cm (2.4–5.5 in),[2] and technically qualify as "dwarf cichlids" for the aquarium hobby – though their aggressive and voracious habits should let prospective keepers beware. The biggest pike cichlids can grow to about 50 cm (20 in) long.[2] Most Crenicichla measure in the range of 15–30 cm (6–12 in).[3] Like many other predatory fishes, a pike cichlid has a wide mouth and elongated body.

Distribution and ecology

The genus Crenicichla is native to freshwater in tropical and subtropical South America east of the Andes, ranging from Trinidad and the Guiana Shield (including Orinoco), through the Amazon and Río de la Plata Basins, south as far as Río Negro in Argentina. [4] Although widespread as a group, the individual species are often restricted to a single river or river basin.[4][5] They are found in a wide range of habitats, including rivers, streams, pools and lakes; some species are rheophilic.[4][5]

The vast majority of pike cichlids are predatory and feed on fish, insects, and other small animals. They usually place themselves where they can stay undetected by the prey, like close to a sunken tree stem or behind a rock. This behavior, as well as the correspondingly adapted shape, which resembles that the unrelated pikes (Esocidae) of the Holarctic, gives the pike cichlids their common name. An exception is C. tapii, which is similar in general appearance to other pike cichlids, but unusual for being gregarious and feeding on periphyton.[5]

Species

There are currently 93 recognized species in this genus:[3][6][7]

In addition to these, several undescribed species are known.[2]

References

  1. ^ Kullander, Sven O.; Lucena, Carlos A. Santos de (June 2006). "A review of the species of Crenicichla (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Atlantic coastal rivers of southeastern Brazil from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul States, with descriptions of three new species". Neotropical Ichthyology. 4 (2): 127–146. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252006000200001.
  2. ^ a b c Gottwald, J: Crenicichla arten.
  3. ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). Species of Crenicichla in FishBase. August 2015 version.
  4. ^ a b c Piálek, Lubomír; Říčan, Oldřich; Casciotta, Jorge; Almirón, Adriana; Zrzavý, Jan (January 2012). "Multilocus phylogeny of Crenicichla (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with biogeography of the C. lacustris group: Species flocks as a model for sympatric speciation in rivers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 46–61. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.006.
  5. ^ a b c d e Piálek, L., Dragová, K., Casciotta, J., Almirón, A. & Říčan, O. (2015): Description of two new species of Crenicichla (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the lower Iguazú River with a taxonomic reappraisal of C. iguassuensis, C. tesay and C. yaha. Historia Natural, 5 (2): 5-27.
  6. ^ a b CASCIOTTA, JORGE; ALMIRÓN, ADRIANA; AICHINO, DANILO; GÓMEZ, SERGIO; PIÁLEK, LUBOMÍR; ŘÍČAN, OLDŘICH (16 October 2013). "

    Crenicichla taikyra (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of pike cichlid from the middle río Paraná, Argentina

    ". Zootaxa. 3721 (4): 379. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3721.4.5.
  7. ^ a b Mattos, J.L., Schindler, I., Ottoni, F.P. & Cheffe, M.M. (2014): A new species of Crenicichla from the upper Rio das Antas basin, dos Patos lagoon system, southern Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Vertebrate Zoology, 64 (1): 35–42.
  8. ^ Ito, Priscila Madoka M.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. Rapp (September 2015). "A small new species of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 from middle rio Xingu, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae)". Neotropical Ichthyology. 13 (3): 471–478. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140105.
  9. ^ Varella, Henrique R.; Kullander, Sven O.; Lima, Flávio C. T. (2012). "Crenicichla chicha, a new species of pike cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the rio Papagaio, upper rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 10 (2): 233–244. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252012000200002.
  10. ^ KULLANDER, SVEN O.; DE LUCENA, CARLOS A. SANTOS (23 April 2013). "Crenicichla gillmorlisi, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Paraná river drainage in Paraguay". Zootaxa. 3641 (2): 149. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3641.2.3.
  11. ^ Kullander, Sven O.; Varella, Henrique R. (September 2015). "Wallace's Pike Cichlid Gets a Name after 160 Years: A New Species of Cichlid Fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Upper Rio Negro in Brazil". Copeia. 103 (3): 512–519. doi:10.1643/ci-14-169.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crenicichla&oldid=842098690"