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Coordinates: 18°21′32″N 114°43′19″W / 18.35889°N 114.72194°W / 18.35889; -114.72194
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'''Isla Clarión''', formerly called '''Santa Rosa''', is the second largest, westernmost and most remote of the [[Revillagigedo Islands]] (part of Mexico, specifically the state of Colima), located {{convert|314|km}} west of [[Socorro Island]] and over {{convert|700|km}} from the Mexican mainland.
'''Isla Clarión''', formerly called '''Santa Rosa''', is the second largest, westernmost and most remote of the [[Revillagigedo Islands]] (part of Mexico, specifically the state of Colima), located {{convert|314|km}} west of [[Socorro Island]] and over {{convert|700|km}} from the Mexican mainland.


It has an area of {{convert|19.80|km2|sqmi}}<ref>[http://www.conanp.gob.mx/pdf_programa_manejo/revillagigedo.pdf], page 35 {{dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref> <!-- BirdLife EBA says otherwise, though they might include the shallows --> and three prominent peaks. The westernmost and tallest peak, '''Monte Gallegos''', is {{convert|335|m}} high. The central peak is called Monte de la Marina, {{convert|280|m}}, and the eastern peak Pico de la Tienda {{convert|292|m}}. The coasts are backed by perpendicular cliffs, {{convert|24|to|183|m}} high, with the exception of the middle part of the southern coast in the vicinity of Bahia Azufre (Sulphur Bay), which is the location of a small military garrison manned by 9 men.
It has an area of {{convert|19.80|km2|sqmi}}<ref>[http://www.conanp.gob.mx/pdf_programa_manejo/revillagigedo.pdf], page 35 {{dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref> <!-- BirdLife EBA says otherwise, though they might include the shallows --> and three prominent peaks. The westernmost and tallest peak, ''Monte Gallegos'', is {{convert|335|m}} high. The central peak is called ''Monte de la Marina'', {{convert|280|m}}, and the eastern peak Pico de la Tienda {{convert|292|m}}. The coasts are backed by perpendicular cliffs, {{convert|24|to|183|m}} high, with the exception of the middle part of the southern coast in the vicinity of ''Bahia Azufre'' (Sulphur Bay), which is the location of a small military garrison manned by 9 men.


Two small and at least temporarily [[brackish]] pools are the only source of [[freshwater]]; even these may dry up in summers with little rain.<ref name = brattstromhowell1956/>
Two small and at least temporarily [[brackish]] pools are the only source of [[freshwater]]; even these may dry up in summers with little rain.<ref name = brattstromhowell1956/>


== History ==
== History ==
Clarión Island was discovered in late 1542 by the Spanish navigator [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], but with the exception of a possible re-sighting of the Revillagigedos by [[Juan Fernández de Ladrillero]] before 1574 and a short-lived residence by the adventurer [[Martín Yáñez de Armida]] on the island he later renamed Socorro (1606), the archipelago was neglected by the Spaniards. [[Joris van Spilbergen]]'s sighting of the whole group in December 1615 seems not to have been noted in Spain or its American colonies.
Clarión Island was discovered in late 1542 by the Spanish navigator [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], but with the exception of a possible re-sighting of the Revillagigedos by Juan Fernández de Ladrillero before 1574 and a short-lived residence by the adventurer Martín Yáñez de Armida on the island he later renamed Socorro (1606), the archipelago was neglected by the Spaniards. [[Joris van Spilbergen]]'s sighting of the whole group in December 1615 seems not to have been noted in Spain or its American colonies.


Clarion was sighted again by the English privateer [[George Shelvocke]] on the ''Speedwell'', August 21, 1721.
Clarion was sighted again by the English privateer [[George Shelvocke]] on the ''Speedwell'', August 21, 1721.
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==Ecology==
==Ecology==
[[Image:Clarion Island - Map Finished (1-50,000).jpg|thumb|left|Clarion Island – Marplot Map (1:50,000)]]
[[Image:Clarion Island - Map Finished (1-50,000).jpg|thumb|left|Clarion Island – Marplot Map (1:50,000)]]
As the [[topography]] of Clarión lacks any prominent peaks that could induce rains like Cerro Evermann on [[Socorro Island]], the island is [[semiarid]] to [[arid]] all over. Consequently, the whole of the island is covered in [[shrubland]], [[grassland]]<ref group=note>[[Tapertip Cupgrass]] (''[[Eriochloa acuminata]]''), [[Madagascar Dropseed]] (''[[Sporobolus pyramidatus]]''), and endemic ''[[Aristida tenuifolia]]'': CMICD (2007)</ref> and ''[[Opuntia]]''<ref group=note>Probably related to [[Engelmann's Prickly Pear]] (''O. engelmannii''): Brattstrom & Howell (1956)</ref><ref name = brattstromhowell1956/> [[cacti]]. Far away from land, [[endemism|endemic]] [[taxa]] are fewer than on Socorro but like there mainly consist of landbirds and plants. [[Rabbit]]s and [[feral]] [[sheep]]{{Verify source|date=November 2007}} are found on the island and have caused serious harm to the local vegetation; pigs introduced in 1979 have caused harm to the local [[fauna]].<ref name=BLI2003/><ref name=BLI2007/> Native [[vertebrate]]s – except birds – are limited to two snake species and one [[Iguania|iguanid]] lizard species, both endemic.
As the [[topography]] of Clarión lacks any prominent peaks that could induce rains like Cerro Evermann on [[Socorro Island]], the island is [[semiarid]] to [[arid]] all over. Consequently, the whole of the island is covered in [[shrubland]], [[grassland]]<ref group=note>[[Tapertip Cupgrass]] (''[[Eriochloa acuminata]]''), [[Madagascar Dropseed]] (''[[Sporobolus pyramidatus]]''), and endemic ''[[Aristida tenuifolia]]'': CMICD (2007)</ref> and ''[[Opuntia]]''<ref group=note>Probably related to [[Engelmann's Prickly Pear]] (''O. engelmannii''): Brattstrom & Howell (1956)</ref><ref name = brattstromhowell1956/> [[cacti]]. Far away from land, [[endemism|endemic]] [[taxa]] are fewer than on Socorro but like there mainly consist of landbirds and plants. [[Rabbit]]s and [[feral]] [[sheep]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-48051-4_31|title=Analysis of the Environmental Impact Caused by Introduced Animals in the Clarion Island, Archipelago of Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico|last=Méndez-Guardado|first=Pedro|date=|website=Springer Link|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> are found on the island and have caused serious harm to the local vegetation; pigs introduced in 1979 have caused harm to the local [[fauna]].<ref name=BLI2003/><ref name=BLI2007/> Native [[vertebrate]]s – except birds – are limited to two snake species and one [[Iguania|iguanid]] lizard species, both endemic.


A few [[seabird]] species breed on Clarión or formerly did so. The island is near the north(east)ern limit of the breeding range of several of these, but their continued presence needs confirmation:
A few [[seabird]] species breed on Clarión or formerly did so. The island is near the north(east)ern limit of the breeding range of several of these, but their continued presence needs confirmation:
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===Endemic animals<ref name = brattstromhowell1956 />===
===Endemic animals<ref name = brattstromhowell1956 />===
* Clarión [[burrowing owl]], ''[[Athene cunicularia rostrata]]''
* Clarión [[burrowing owl]], ''Athene cunicularia rostrata''
* [[Clarión wren]], ''[[Troglodytes tanneri]]'' ([[vulnerable species|vulnerable]])
* [[Clarión wren]], ''[[Troglodytes tanneri]]'' ([[vulnerable species|vulnerable]])
* Clarión [[mourning dove]], ''[[Zenaida macroura clarionensis]]''
* Clarión [[mourning dove]], ''Zenaida macroura clarionensis''
* [[Clarion Island whipsnake]], ''[[Masticophis anthonyi]]''
* Clarion Island whipsnake, ''Masticophis anthonyi''
* ''[[Urosaurus clarionensis]]''
* ''Urosaurus clarionensis''
[[File:Clarion Owl - February 1997.jpg|thumb|Clarión burrowing owl, February 1997]]
[[File:Clarion Owl - February 1997.jpg|thumb|Clarión burrowing owl, February 1997]]
* Clarión [[nightsnake]], ''[[Hypsiglena unaocularis]]''<ref>Mulcahy, D.G. Martínez-Gómez, J.E., Aguirre-León, G., Cervantes-Pasqualli, J.A. & Zug, G.R. 2014. Rediscovery of an Endemic Vertebrate from the Remote Islas Revillagigedo in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: The Clarión Nightsnake Lost and Found. PLOS One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097682</ref>
* Clarión nightsnake, ''[[Hypsiglena unaocularis]]''<ref>Mulcahy, D.G. Martínez-Gómez, J.E., Aguirre-León, G., Cervantes-Pasqualli, J.A. & Zug, G.R. 2014. Rediscovery of an Endemic Vertebrate from the Remote Islas Revillagigedo in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: The Clarión Nightsnake Lost and Found. PLOS One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097682</ref>


In addition, the local population of the [[western raven]] (''Corvus corax sinuatus'' or ''C. sinuatus'') was formerly considered a distinct subspecies ''clarionensis'', but this is not usually accepted at present. It can be expected that this question will soon be resolved as there is currently renewed interest in the [[phylogeny]] of the common/western/[[Chihuahuan raven]]s. If the Revillagigedos population is indeed distinct, it might be endemic of Clarión as the only other local [[subpopulation]], on San Benedicto, was destroyed by a volcanic eruption on August 1, 1952;<ref name = brattstromhowell1956 /> on the other hand, mainland birds have sometimes been assigned to ''clarionensis'' also.
In addition, the local population of the [[western raven]] (''Corvus corax sinuatus'' or ''C. sinuatus'') was formerly considered a distinct subspecies ''clarionensis'', but this is not usually accepted at present. It can be expected that this question will soon be resolved as there is currently renewed interest in the [[phylogeny]] of the common/western/[[Chihuahuan raven]]s. If the Revillagigedos population is indeed distinct, it might be endemic of Clarión as the only other local [[subpopulation]], on San Benedicto, was destroyed by a volcanic eruption on August 1, 1952;<ref name = brattstromhowell1956 /> on the other hand, mainland birds have sometimes been assigned to ''clarionensis'' also.
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===Plants===
===Plants===
Endemic plant taxa of Clarión are:<ref name = cmicd2007/>
Endemic plant taxa of Clarión are:<ref name = cmicd2007/>
* ''[[Aristida tenuifolia]]''
* ''Aristida tenuifolia''
* ''[[Ipomoea halierca]]''
* ''Ipomoea halierca''
* ''[[Physalis clarionensis]]''
* ''Physalis clarionensis''


[[Brickellia peninsularis|''Brickellia peninsularis'' var. ''amphithalassa'']]{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- might be endemic ssp, lapsus in CMICD -->''[[Bulbostylis nesiotica]]'', [[Cheilanthes peninsularis|''Cheilanthes peninsularis'' var. ''insularis'']], ''[[Cyperus duripes]]'', ''[[Euphorbia anthonyi]]'', ''[[Nicotiana stocktonii]]'', ''[[Perityle socorrosensis]]'', ''[[Spermacoce nesiotica]]'' and [[Zapoteca formosa|''Zapoteca formosa'' ssp. ''rosei'']]<!-- = Calliandra socorrensis = Z. formosa socorrensis --> are Revillagigedo endemics which Clarión shares with either San Benedicto or Socorro. Whether [[Teucrium townsendii|''Teucrium townsendii'' var. ''townsendii'']] is the same plant as on San Benedicto is not conclusively determined.<ref name = cmicd2007 />
[[Brickellia peninsularis|''Brickellia peninsularis'' var. ''amphithalassa'']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cibnor.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1001/625/1/Le%C3%B3n-J.pdf|title=Florística de la Selva Baja Caducifolia de la Península de Baja California, México|last=José Luis León de la Luz, Reymundo Domínguez-Cadena, Alfonso Medel-Narváez|first=|date=2012|website=Repositorio Institucional de CIBNOR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><!-- might be endemic ssp, lapsus in CMICD -->''Bulbostylis nesiotica'', ''Cheilanthes peninsularis'' var. ''insularis'', ''Cyperus duripes'', ''Euphorbia anthonyi'', ''Nicotiana stocktonii'', ''Perityle socorrosensis'', ''Spermacoce nesiotica'' and ''Zapoteca formosa'' ssp. ''rosei''<!-- = Calliandra socorrensis = Z. formosa socorrensis --> are Revillagigedo endemics which Clarión shares with either San Benedicto or Socorro. Whether ''Teucrium townsendii'' var. ''townsendii'' is the same plant as on San Benedicto is not conclusively determined.<ref name = cmicd2007 />


There has not been recent dedicated research on the impact the sheep and rabbits had on the local [[flora]].<ref name = cmicd2007 /> While no plants seem to have gone [[extinct]] on the other Revillagigedo Islands, Clarión is one most heavily affected by introduced [[herbivore]]s.<ref name=BLI2003/><ref name=BLI2007/>
There has not been recent dedicated research on the impact the sheep and rabbits had on the local [[flora]].<ref name = cmicd2007 /> While no plants seem to have gone [[extinct]] on the other Revillagigedo Islands, Clarión is one most heavily affected by introduced [[herbivore]]s.<ref name=BLI2003/><ref name=BLI2007/>

Revision as of 04:11, 24 July 2018

Clarión
Map
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates18°21′32″N 114°43′19″W / 18.35889°N 114.72194°W / 18.35889; -114.72194
ArchipelagoRevillagigedo Islands
Area19.8 km2 (7.6 sq mi)
Length8.6 km (5.34 mi)
Width3.7 km (2.3 mi)
Highest elevation335 m (1099 ft)
Administration
Mexico
Demographics
Population9

Isla Clarión, formerly called Santa Rosa, is the second largest, westernmost and most remote of the Revillagigedo Islands (part of Mexico, specifically the state of Colima), located 314 kilometres (195 mi) west of Socorro Island and over 700 kilometres (430 mi) from the Mexican mainland.

It has an area of 19.80 square kilometres (7.64 sq mi)[1] and three prominent peaks. The westernmost and tallest peak, Monte Gallegos, is 335 metres (1,099 ft) high. The central peak is called Monte de la Marina, 280 metres (920 ft), and the eastern peak Pico de la Tienda 292 metres (958 ft). The coasts are backed by perpendicular cliffs, 24 to 183 metres (79 to 600 ft) high, with the exception of the middle part of the southern coast in the vicinity of Bahia Azufre (Sulphur Bay), which is the location of a small military garrison manned by 9 men.

Two small and at least temporarily brackish pools are the only source of freshwater; even these may dry up in summers with little rain.[2]

History

Clarión Island was discovered in late 1542 by the Spanish navigator Ruy López de Villalobos, but with the exception of a possible re-sighting of the Revillagigedos by Juan Fernández de Ladrillero before 1574 and a short-lived residence by the adventurer Martín Yáñez de Armida on the island he later renamed Socorro (1606), the archipelago was neglected by the Spaniards. Joris van Spilbergen's sighting of the whole group in December 1615 seems not to have been noted in Spain or its American colonies.

Clarion was sighted again by the English privateer George Shelvocke on the Speedwell, August 21, 1721.

The name of the island goes back to the American brig Clarion, Capt. Henry Gyzelaar, who was engaged in the North Pacific trade around 1820.[3]

Ecology

Clarion Island – Marplot Map (1:50,000)

As the topography of Clarión lacks any prominent peaks that could induce rains like Cerro Evermann on Socorro Island, the island is semiarid to arid all over. Consequently, the whole of the island is covered in shrubland, grassland[note 1] and Opuntia[note 2][2] cacti. Far away from land, endemic taxa are fewer than on Socorro but like there mainly consist of landbirds and plants. Rabbits and feral sheep[4] are found on the island and have caused serious harm to the local vegetation; pigs introduced in 1979 have caused harm to the local fauna.[5][6] Native vertebrates – except birds – are limited to two snake species and one iguanid lizard species, both endemic.

A few seabird species breed on Clarión or formerly did so. The island is near the north(east)ern limit of the breeding range of several of these, but their continued presence needs confirmation:

For reasons not fully known, Clarión seems to be more attractive to shorebirds and other vagrant or migrant birds than Socorro; perhaps this is due to the presence of red-tailed hawks on the latter island. Great blue heron, snowy egret, white-faced ibis, Pacific and possibly American golden plover, spotted sandpiper, wandering tattler, ruddy turnstone, black-necked stilt, western gull and barn swallow are examples of the species that can be encountered on Clarión with some regularity; most of the shorebirds congregate in the sheltered shallows of Sulphur Bay. Others, such as blue-winged teal, western sandpiper, least sandpiper, short-eared owl, belted kingfisher, northern mockingbird and brown-headed cowbird have only been recorded on very few occasions, sometimes only once.[2]

Endemic animals[2]

Clarión burrowing owl, February 1997

In addition, the local population of the western raven (Corvus corax sinuatus or C. sinuatus) was formerly considered a distinct subspecies clarionensis, but this is not usually accepted at present. It can be expected that this question will soon be resolved as there is currently renewed interest in the phylogeny of the common/western/Chihuahuan ravens. If the Revillagigedos population is indeed distinct, it might be endemic of Clarión as the only other local subpopulation, on San Benedicto, was destroyed by a volcanic eruption on August 1, 1952;[2] on the other hand, mainland birds have sometimes been assigned to clarionensis also.

The Clarión population of the critically endangered Townsend's shearwater (Puffinus auricularis) was probably extirpated in 1988 due to the feral pigs' depredations on the young and nesting birds.[6]

Plants

Endemic plant taxa of Clarión are:[8]

  • Aristida tenuifolia
  • Ipomoea halierca
  • Physalis clarionensis

Brickellia peninsularis var. amphithalassa[9]Bulbostylis nesiotica, Cheilanthes peninsularis var. insularis, Cyperus duripes, Euphorbia anthonyi, Nicotiana stocktonii, Perityle socorrosensis, Spermacoce nesiotica and Zapoteca formosa ssp. rosei are Revillagigedo endemics which Clarión shares with either San Benedicto or Socorro. Whether Teucrium townsendii var. townsendii is the same plant as on San Benedicto is not conclusively determined.[8]

There has not been recent dedicated research on the impact the sheep and rabbits had on the local flora.[8] While no plants seem to have gone extinct on the other Revillagigedo Islands, Clarión is one most heavily affected by introduced herbivores.[5][6]

Notes

  1. ^ Tapertip Cupgrass (Eriochloa acuminata), Madagascar Dropseed (Sporobolus pyramidatus), and endemic Aristida tenuifolia: CMICD (2007)
  2. ^ Probably related to Engelmann's Prickly Pear (O. engelmannii): Brattstrom & Howell (1956)

References

  1. ^ [1], page 35 [dead link]
  2. ^ a b c d e Brattstrom, Bayard H.; Howell, Thomas R. (1956). "The Birds of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico" (PDF). Condor. 58 (2): 107–120. doi:10.2307/1364977.
  3. ^ Howay, Frederic William & Pierce, Richard A. (1973): A list of trading vessels in the maritime fur trade, 1785–1825 (Materials for the study of Alaska history). The Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario. ISBN 0-919642-51-9
  4. ^ Méndez-Guardado, Pedro. "Analysis of the Environmental Impact Caused by Introduced Animals in the Clarion Island, Archipelago of Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico". Springer Link. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ a b BirdLife International (2003): EBA Factsheet: Clarión. Retrieved 2007-NOV-22.
  6. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2007): Townsend's Shearwater – BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2007-NOV-22.
  7. ^ Mulcahy, D.G. Martínez-Gómez, J.E., Aguirre-León, G., Cervantes-Pasqualli, J.A. & Zug, G.R. 2014. Rediscovery of an Endemic Vertebrate from the Remote Islas Revillagigedo in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: The Clarión Nightsnake Lost and Found. PLOS One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097682
  8. ^ a b c California/Mexico Island Conservation Database (CMICD) (2007): Plant accounts: Clarion Archived December 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-NOV-22.
  9. ^ José Luis León de la Luz, Reymundo Domínguez-Cadena, Alfonso Medel-Narváez (2012). "Florística de la Selva Baja Caducifolia de la Península de Baja California, México" (PDF). Repositorio Institucional de CIBNOR. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

  • Johnston, Ivan M. (1931): The flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) 20(2): 9–104.
  • Welsch, Bernhard (2001). "The asserted discovery of Marcus Island in 1694". The Journal of Pacific History. 36: 105. doi:10.1080/00223340120049479.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarion_Island&oldid=851716854"