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==Manufacturers==
==Manufacturers==
Several companies offer clinical and pre-clinical combined PET-MR systems: [[Philips Electronics|Philips]], [[Siemens]], [[General Electric|GE]] and MR Solutions. There are varying approaches to the combination of the two technologies. Some designs are essentially separate machines, in the same room, with a bed that can transfer a patient from one scanner to another.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torigian |first1=Drew A. |last2=Zaidi |first2=Habib |last3=Kwee |first3=Thomas C. |last4=Saboury |first4=Babak |last5=Udupa |first5=Jayaram K. |last6=Cho |first6=Zang-Hee |last7=Alavi |first7=Abass |title=PET/MR Imaging: Technical Aspects and Potential Clinical Applications |journal=Radiology |date=April 2013 |volume=267 |issue=1 |pages=26–44 |doi=10.1148/radiol.13121038 |pmid=23525716|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Past, Present and Future of PET/MRI Scanners |url=https://www.itnonline.com/article/past-present-and-future-petmri-scanners |website=Imaging Technology News |accessdate=15 January 2019 |language=en |date=5 May 2017}}</ref> Fully integrated systems are the most technically challenging to achieve, but provide greatest benefits in terms of the ability to make simultaneous, exactly aligned, acquisitions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jadvar |first1=Hossein |last2=Colletti |first2=Patrick M. |title=Competitive advantage of PET/MRI |journal=European Journal of Radiology |date=January 2014 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=84–94 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.05.028 |pmc=3800216}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannheim |first1=Julia G. |last2=Schmid |first2=Andreas M. |last3=Schwenck |first3=Johannes |last4=Katiyar |first4=Prateek |last5=Herfert |first5=Kristina |last6=Pichler |first6=Bernd J. |last7=Disselhorst |first7=Jonathan A. |title=PET/MRI Hybrid Systems |journal=Seminars in Nuclear Medicine |date=July 2018 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=332–347 |doi=10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.02.011}}</ref>
Currently four companies offer combined PET-MR systems: [[Philips Electronics|Philips]], [[Siemens]], [[General Electric|GE]] and MR Solutions. The first two clinical [[Whole body scanner|whole body]] PET-MRI systems were installed by Philips at Mount Sinai Medical Centre in the United States<ref>[http://www.mssm.edu/research/labs/imaging-science-laboratories/facilities Facilities - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and at Geneva University Hospital in Europe in 2010.<ref>[http://www.hug-ge.ch/hug_cite/inauguration_PET_IRM.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225091905/http://www.hug-ge.ch/hug_cite/inauguration_PET_IRM.html |date=December 25, 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mtbeurope.info/content/ft1005002.htm PET-MRI scanner opens new frontier in medical imaging<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> One company, Cubresa, offers an MR-compatible preclinical PET scanner called NuPET™ for use in the bore of an existing MRI, enabling simultaneous PET/MR image acquisition. The first instrument was installed at the [[IWK Health Centre|Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre]] in Halifax, Canada in 2016, and more systems have since been installed.<ref>[http://www.prweb.com/releases/cubresa/nupet/prweb13370405.htm Preclinical PET Scanner Released for Simultaneous PET/MRI in Existing MRI Systems]</ref>


===Clinical systems===
===Clinical systems===
The first two clinical [[Whole body scanner|whole body]] PET-MRI systems were installed by Philips at Mount Sinai Medical Centre in the United States and at Geneva University Hospital in [[Switzerland]], in 2010. The system featured a PET and MRI scanner separated by a revolving bed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Harry |title=PET-MRI scanner opens new frontier in medical imaging |url=http://www.mtbeurope.info/content/ft1005002.htm |website=Medical Technology Business Europe |accessdate=15 January 2019 |date=28 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muzic |first1=Raymond F. |last2=DiFilippo |first2=Frank P. |title=Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technical Review |journal=Seminars in Roentgenology |date=July 2014 |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=242–254 |doi=10.1053/j.ro.2014.10.001 |pmc=4451572}}</ref>
⚫
Currently Siemens and GE are the only companies to offer a fully integrated whole body and simultaneous acquisition PET-MRI system. The Siemens system (Biograph mMR) received a CE mark<ref>{{cite web

Siemens was the first company to offer simultaneous PET/MR acquisitions, with the first systems installed in 2010 based on [[avalanche photodiode]] detectors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaidi |first1=Habib |title=PET/MRI: Advances in Instrumentation and Quantitative Procedures, An Issue of PET Clinics |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323417686 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfAVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Luna |first1=Antonio |last2=Vilanova |first2=Joan C. |last3=Jr |first3=L. Celso Hygino da Cruz |last4=Rossi |first4=Santiago E. |title=Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9783642404122 |page=421 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VJW4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |language=en}}</ref>

⚫
Currently Siemens and GE are the only companies to offer a fully integrated whole body and simultaneous acquisition PET-MRI system. The Siemens system (Biograph mMR) received a [[CE mark]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2011/imaging_therapy/him20110630.htm
|url=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2011/imaging_therapy/him20110630.htm
|title=Siemens receives CE mark for whole-body molecular MR system
|title=Siemens receives CE mark for whole-body molecular MR system
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|date=2011-06-01
|date=2011-06-01
|accessdate=2014-01-05}}
|accessdate=2014-01-05}}
</ref> and FDA approval<ref>{{cite web
</ref> and [[FDA]] approval<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm258700.htm
|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm258700.htm
|title=FDA clears new system to perform simultaneous PET, MRI scans
|title=FDA clears new system to perform simultaneous PET, MRI scans
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The GE system (SIGNA PET/MR) received its 510K & CE mark in 2014.
The GE system (SIGNA PET/MR) received its 510K & CE mark in 2014.

The first fully RoHS compliant system was delivered in 2014. Over sixty facilities have since installed this technology.


===Preclinical systems===
===Preclinical systems===
Currently, the combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a hybrid imaging modality is receiving great attention not only in its emerging clinical applications but also in the preclinical field. Several designs based on several different types of PET detector technology have been developed in recent years, some of which have been used for first preclinical studies.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.08.004 |title=Applications for Preclinical PET/MRI |date=2013 |last1=Judenhofer |first1=Martin S. |last2=Cherry |first2=Simon R. |journal=Seminars in Nuclear Medicine |volume=43 |pages=19–29 |pmid=23178086 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6152496 |title=SiPM based preclinical PET/MR insert for a human 3T MR: first imaging experiments | date=2011 | last1=Schulz |first1=Volkmar | last2=Weissler | first2=Bjoern | last3=Gebhardt | first3=Pierre | last4=Solf | first4=Torsten | last5=Lerche | first5=Christoph | last6=Fischer | first6=Peter | last7=Ritzert | first7=Michael | last8=Piemonte | first8=Claudio | last9=Goldschmidt | first9=Benjamin | last10=Vandenberghe | first10=Stefaan | last11=Salomon | first11= Andre | last12=Schaeffter | first12=Tobias | last13=Marsden | first13 =Paul |journal=Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2011 IEEE |pages=4467–4469}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.077 |title=PET/MRI insert using digital SiPMs: Investigation of MR-compatibility | date=2013 | last1=Wehner | first1=Jakob | last2=Weissler| first2=Bjoern | last3=Dueppenbecker| first3=Peter | last4=Gebhardt| first4=Pierre | last5=Schug| first5=David | last6=Ruetten| first6=Walter | last7=Kiessling| first7=Fabian | last8=Schulz| first8=Volkmar |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|bibcode = 2014NIMPA.734..116W | volume=734 | pages=116–121}}</ref>
Currently, the combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a hybrid imaging modality is receiving great attention not only in its emerging clinical applications but also in the preclinical field. Several designs based on several different types of PET detector technology have been developed in recent years, some of which have been used for first preclinical studies.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.08.004 |title=Applications for Preclinical PET/MRI |date=2013 |last1=Judenhofer |first1=Martin S. |last2=Cherry |first2=Simon R. |journal=Seminars in Nuclear Medicine |volume=43 |pages=19–29 |pmid=23178086 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6152496 |title=SiPM based preclinical PET/MR insert for a human 3T MR: first imaging experiments | date=2011 | last1=Schulz |first1=Volkmar | last2=Weissler | first2=Bjoern | last3=Gebhardt | first3=Pierre | last4=Solf | first4=Torsten | last5=Lerche | first5=Christoph | last6=Fischer | first6=Peter | last7=Ritzert | first7=Michael | last8=Piemonte | first8=Claudio | last9=Goldschmidt | first9=Benjamin | last10=Vandenberghe | first10=Stefaan | last11=Salomon | first11= Andre | last12=Schaeffter | first12=Tobias | last13=Marsden | first13 =Paul |journal=Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2011 IEEE |pages=4467–4469}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.077 |title=PET/MRI insert using digital SiPMs: Investigation of MR-compatibility | date=2013 | last1=Wehner | first1=Jakob | last2=Weissler| first2=Bjoern | last3=Dueppenbecker| first3=Peter | last4=Gebhardt| first4=Pierre | last5=Schug| first5=David | last6=Ruetten| first6=Walter | last7=Kiessling| first7=Fabian | last8=Schulz| first8=Volkmar |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|bibcode = 2014NIMPA.734..116W | volume=734 | pages=116–121}}</ref>


A preclinical PET-MRI system with sequential acquisition is commercially available from Mediso Medical Imaging Systems since 2011. The first nanoScan PET-MRI system was installed at Karolinska Experimental Research and Imaging Centre of Karolinska Institutet in March 2011. The compact imaging system utilizes magnetically shielded position sensitive photomultiplier tubes and a compact 1 Tesla permanent magnet MRI platform. The integration has no adverse effects on the PET or on the MRI performance due to increased magnetic shielding of the PET component and low fringe field of the MRI component based on the performance evaluation of the system.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2967/jnumed.112.119065 |title=Performance Evaluation of the Small-Animal nanoScan PET/MRI System |date=2013 |last1=Nagy |first1=Kálmán |last2=Tóth |first2=Miklós |last3=Major |first3=Péter |last4=Patay |first4=Győző |last5=Egri |first5=G. |last6=Häggkvist |first6=Jenny |last7= Varrone|first7=Andrea |last8=Farde |first8=Lars |last9=Halldin |first9=Christer |last10=Gulyás |first10=Balázs |journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine |volume=54 |pages=1825–1832}}</ref> Bruker Biospin, in collaboration with the University of Tübingen, have produced commercial prototype systems for their preclinical MRI magnets utilizing a Siemens PET platform. The first such system comprising a 7T Clinscan MRI with the PET insert was installed at the CAI in Brisbane Australia in 2012.
Several companies offer MR-compatible preclinical PET scanner inserts for use in the bore of an existing MRI, enabling simultaneous PET/MR image acquisition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Omidvari |first1=Negar |last2=Cabello |first2=Jorge |last3=Topping |first3=Geoffrey |last4=Schneider |first4=Florian Roland |last5=Paul |first5=Stephan |last6=Schwaiger |first6=Markus |last7=Ziegler |first7=Sibylle I |title=PET performance evaluation of MADPET4: a small animal PET insert for a 7-Tesla MRI scanner |journal=Physics in Medicine and Biology |date=4 October 2017 |doi=10.1088/1361-6560/aa910d}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehner |first1=J |last2=Weissler |first2=B |last3=Dueppenbecker |first3=P M |last4=Gebhardt |first4=P |last5=Goldschmidt |first5=B |last6=Schug |first6=D |last7=Kiessling |first7=F |last8=Schulz |first8=V |title=MR-compatibility assessment of the first preclinical PET-MRI insert equipped with digital silicon photomultipliers |journal=Physics in Medicine and Biology |date=21 March 2015 |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=2231–2255 |doi=10.1088/0031-9155/60/6/2231}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldenberg |first1=Joshua M. |last2=Cárdenas-Rodríguez |first2=Julio |last3=Pagel |first3=Mark D. |title=Preliminary Results that Assess Metformin Treatment in a Preclinical Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Simultaneous [18F]FDG PET and acidoCEST MRI |journal=Molecular Imaging and Biology |date=26 January 2018 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=575–583 |doi=10.1007/s11307-018-1164-4 |pmc=6043393}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2967/jnumed.112.119065 |title=Performance Evaluation of the Small-Animal nanoScan PET/MRI System |date=2013 |last1=Nagy |first1=Kálmán |last2=Tóth |first2=Miklós |last3=Major |first3=Péter |last4=Patay |first4=Győző |last5=Egri |first5=G. |last6=Häggkvist |first6=Jenny |last7= Varrone|first7=Andrea |last8=Farde |first8=Lars |last9=Halldin |first9=Christer |last10=Gulyás |first10=Balázs |journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine |volume=54 |pages=1825–1832}}</ref>

[[File:MR Solutions' cryogen-free PET-MRI system.jpg|thumb|MR Solutions' cryogen-free PET-MRI system]]MR Solutions’ high field, cryogen-free MRI system with an in-line PET module was installed at the University of Michigan in January 2016 and at the Georges-François Leclerc center in Dijon, France in February 2016. Data is acquired sequentially and co-registered together automatically.

The aforementioned NuPET™ MR-compatible preclinical scanner from Cubresa is designed to fit into a variety of existing MRI magnets, including those originally used for clinical imaging. Uniquely, this system enables simultaneous PET/MRI acquisition, allowing researchers to generate structural, functional, and molecular data that is both partially and temporally registered and acquired under identical physiological conditions. It can also be used as a compact, standalone PET scanner.

Hybrid PET MRI systems require special devices that balance tradeoffs between PET attenuation and MRI performance.

Canada has three PET-MRI units, currently operating for clinical research purposes in Ontario.<ref>The Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory, 2017. Ottawa: CADTH; 2018 Mar https://cadth.ca/canadian-medical-imaging-inventory-2017</ref>


==PET-MRI versus PET-CT==
==PET-MRI versus PET-CT==

Revision as of 20:34, 15 January 2019

Positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging
Computer screenshot showing a PET image (upper left), MRI image (upper right) and the combined PET-MRI image where PET data is overlaid over the MRI data (lower right)
Purposeused in clinical field of oncology

Positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) is a hybrid imaging technology that incorporates magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) soft tissue morphological imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) functional imaging.[1]

Applications

Presently, the main clinical fields of PET-MRI are oncology,[2][3][4] cardiology[5] and neurology.[6][7][8] Research studies are actively conducted at the moment to understand benefits of the new PET-MRI diagnostic method. The technology combines the exquisite structural and functional characterization of tissue provided by MRI with the extreme sensitivity of PET imaging of metabolism and tracking of uniquely labeled cell types or cell receptors. There is discussion and investigation into utilizing PET-MR with Ion Therapy for the purpose of cancer treatment.[9] with[10][11] MRI's ability to accurately depict the proton density of tissue is a good match for the benefits and technical challenges of treatment planning utilizing Ion Therapy systems.

Manufacturers

Several companies offer clinical and pre-clinical combined PET-MR systems: Philips, Siemens, GE and MR Solutions. There are varying approaches to the combination of the two technologies. Some designs are essentially separate machines, in the same room, with a bed that can transfer a patient from one scanner to another.[12][13] Fully integrated systems are the most technically challenging to achieve, but provide greatest benefits in terms of the ability to make simultaneous, exactly aligned, acquisitions.[14][15]

Clinical systems

The first two clinical whole body PET-MRI systems were installed by Philips at Mount Sinai Medical Centre in the United States and at Geneva University Hospital in Switzerland, in 2010. The system featured a PET and MRI scanner separated by a revolving bed.[16][17]

Siemens was the first company to offer simultaneous PET/MR acquisitions, with the first systems installed in 2010 based on avalanche photodiode detectors.[18][19]

Currently Siemens and GE are the only companies to offer a fully integrated whole body and simultaneous acquisition PET-MRI system. The Siemens system (Biograph mMR) received a CE mark[20] and FDA approval[21] for customer purchase in 2011.

The GE system (SIGNA PET/MR) received its 510K & CE mark in 2014.

Preclinical systems

Currently, the combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a hybrid imaging modality is receiving great attention not only in its emerging clinical applications but also in the preclinical field. Several designs based on several different types of PET detector technology have been developed in recent years, some of which have been used for first preclinical studies.[22][23][24]

Several companies offer MR-compatible preclinical PET scanner inserts for use in the bore of an existing MRI, enabling simultaneous PET/MR image acquisition.[25][26][27][28]

PET-MRI versus PET-CT

Comparisons have been made between PET-MRI and PET-CT, some sources stating that PET-MRI is simply an X-ray radiation-free version of PET-CT (PET-MRI has as well Radiation from Biomarker). In reality, there are differences beyond X-ray radiation dose.[29]

This article written at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland provides very good information on the technical differences between CT, MRI and PET and their combinations. It also references the advantages of simultaneous or single unit sequential over traditional sequential.[30]

PET-MR attenuation correction

PET-MRI systems don't offer a direct way to obtain attenuation maps as the old stand-alone PET or PET-CT systems.[31][32]

Stand alone PET systems attenuation corrections (AC) is based on a transmission scan (mμ - map) acquired using a 68Ge (Germanium- 68) rotating rod source, which directly measures photon attenuation at 511keV.[31][33] PET-CT systems use a low-dose CT scan for AC. Since X-rays have a range of energies lower than 511 keV, AC values need to be approximated from Hounsfield units using validated methods.[34]

There is no correlation between MR image intensity and electron intensity, therefore conversion of MR images into an attenuation map is difficult.[35][31][33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Antoch, Gerald; Bockisch, Andreas (2008). "Combined PET/MRI: a new dimension in whole-body oncology imaging?". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 36 (S1): 113–120. doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0951-6. ISSN 1619-7070.
  2. ^ Buchbender C; Heusner TA; Lauenstein TC; Bockisch A; et al. (June 2012). "Oncologic PET/MRI, part 1: tumors of the brain, head and neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 53 (6): 928–38. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.105338. PMID 22582048.
  3. ^ Buchbender C; Heusner TA; Lauenstein TC; Bockisch A; et al. (August 2012). "Oncologic PET/MRI, part 2: bone tumors, soft-tissue tumors, melanoma, and lymphoma". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 53 (8): 1244–52. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.109306. PMID 22782313.
  4. ^ Martinez-Möller A; Eiber M; Nekolla SG; et al. (September 2012). "Workflow and scan protocol considerations for integrated whole-body PET/MRI in oncology". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 53 (9): 1415–26. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.109348. PMID 22879079.
  5. ^ Rischpler C; Nekolla SG; Dregely I; Schwaiger M (March 2013). "Hybrid PET/MR imaging of the heart: potential, initial experiences, and future prospects". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 54 (3): 402–15. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.105353. PMID 23404088.
  6. ^ http://www.nih.gov/news/health/sep2011/cc-26.htm[full citation needed]
  7. ^ Dimou E; Booij J; Rodrigues M; et al. (June 2009). "Amyloid PET and MRI in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment". Current Alzheimer Research. 6 (3): 312–9. doi:10.2174/156720509788486563. PMID 19519314.
  8. ^ Bremner JD; Vythilingam M; Vermetten E; et al. (May 2003). "MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (5): 924–32. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.924. PMID 12727697.
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[full citation needed]
  10. ^ http://www.dkfz.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/2013/dkfz-pm-13-23-A-Sharper-Image-with-Combined-PET-MR-Technology.php[full citation needed]
  11. ^ Rank CM; Tremmel C; Hünemohr N; Nagel AM; et al. (2013). "MRI-based treatment plan simulation and adaptation for ion radiotherapy using a classification-based approach". Radiation Oncology. 8: 51. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-8-51. PMC 3702461. PMID 23497586.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Torigian, Drew A.; Zaidi, Habib; Kwee, Thomas C.; Saboury, Babak; Udupa, Jayaram K.; Cho, Zang-Hee; Alavi, Abass (April 2013). "PET/MR Imaging: Technical Aspects and Potential Clinical Applications". Radiology. 267 (1): 26–44. doi:10.1148/radiol.13121038. PMID 23525716.
  13. ^ "The Past, Present and Future of PET/MRI Scanners". Imaging Technology News. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  14. ^ Jadvar, Hossein; Colletti, Patrick M. (January 2014). "Competitive advantage of PET/MRI". European Journal of Radiology. 83 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.05.028. PMC 3800216.
  15. ^ Mannheim, Julia G.; Schmid, Andreas M.; Schwenck, Johannes; Katiyar, Prateek; Herfert, Kristina; Pichler, Bernd J.; Disselhorst, Jonathan A. (July 2018). "PET/MRI Hybrid Systems". Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 48 (4): 332–347. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.02.011.
  16. ^ Wood, Harry (28 May 2010). "PET-MRI scanner opens new frontier in medical imaging". Medical Technology Business Europe. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  17. ^ Muzic, Raymond F.; DiFilippo, Frank P. (July 2014). "Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technical Review". Seminars in Roentgenology. 49 (3): 242–254. doi:10.1053/j.ro.2014.10.001. PMC 4451572.
  18. ^ Zaidi, Habib (2016). PET/MRI: Advances in Instrumentation and Quantitative Procedures, An Issue of PET Clinics. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323417686.
  19. ^ Luna, Antonio; Vilanova, Joan C.; Jr, L. Celso Hygino da Cruz; Rossi, Santiago E. (2013). Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 421. ISBN 9783642404122.
  20. ^ "Siemens receives CE mark for whole-body molecular MR system". Healthcare Sector, Siemens AG. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  21. ^ "FDA clears new system to perform simultaneous PET, MRI scans". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  22. ^ Judenhofer, Martin S.; Cherry, Simon R. (2013). "Applications for Preclinical PET/MRI". Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 43 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.08.004. PMID 23178086.
  23. ^ Schulz, Volkmar; Weissler, Bjoern; Gebhardt, Pierre; Solf, Torsten; Lerche, Christoph; Fischer, Peter; Ritzert, Michael; Piemonte, Claudio; Goldschmidt, Benjamin; Vandenberghe, Stefaan; Salomon, Andre; Schaeffter, Tobias; Marsden, Paul (2011). "SiPM based preclinical PET/MR insert for a human 3T MR: first imaging experiments". Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2011 IEEE: 4467–4469. doi:10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6152496.
  24. ^ Wehner, Jakob; Weissler, Bjoern; Dueppenbecker, Peter; Gebhardt, Pierre; Schug, David; Ruetten, Walter; Kiessling, Fabian; Schulz, Volkmar (2013). "PET/MRI insert using digital SiPMs: Investigation of MR-compatibility". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 734: 116–121. Bibcode:2014NIMPA.734..116W. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.077.
  25. ^ Omidvari, Negar; Cabello, Jorge; Topping, Geoffrey; Schneider, Florian Roland; Paul, Stephan; Schwaiger, Markus; Ziegler, Sibylle I (4 October 2017). "PET performance evaluation of MADPET4: a small animal PET insert for a 7-Tesla MRI scanner". Physics in Medicine and Biology. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aa910d.
  26. ^ Wehner, J; Weissler, B; Dueppenbecker, P M; Gebhardt, P; Goldschmidt, B; Schug, D; Kiessling, F; Schulz, V (21 March 2015). "MR-compatibility assessment of the first preclinical PET-MRI insert equipped with digital silicon photomultipliers". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 60 (6): 2231–2255. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/60/6/2231.
  27. ^ Goldenberg, Joshua M.; Cárdenas-Rodríguez, Julio; Pagel, Mark D. (26 January 2018). "Preliminary Results that Assess Metformin Treatment in a Preclinical Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Simultaneous [18F]FDG PET and acidoCEST MRI". Molecular Imaging and Biology. 20 (4): 575–583. doi:10.1007/s11307-018-1164-4. PMC 6043393.
  28. ^ Nagy, Kálmán; Tóth, Miklós; Major, Péter; Patay, Győző; Egri, G.; Häggkvist, Jenny; Varrone, Andrea; Farde, Lars; Halldin, Christer; Gulyás, Balázs (2013). "Performance Evaluation of the Small-Animal nanoScan PET/MRI System". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 54: 1825–1832. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.119065.
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