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== The role of tongue motion ==
== The role of tongue motion ==
Appropriate motion and strength of the tongue are vital for eating, swallowing, and maintaining an open airway. Tongue motion plays a fundamental role in the development of oral and facial structures as insufficient tongue motion may cause severe body malfunctions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9ef9/e12bf7796d3b8f56791e4fff7fd9f942a9e6.pdf|title=Lingual frenulum protocol with scores for infants|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15832860|title=Queiroz Marchesan I. Lingual Frenulum: classification and speech interference. Int J Orofacial Myology 2004; 30:31-38|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635843|title=Sánchez-Molins M., Grau Carbó C., Lischeid Gaig C., Ustrell Torrent JM. Comparative study of the craniofacial growth depending on the type of lactation received. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2010; 11:87-92|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
Appropriate motion and strength of the tongue are vital for eating, swallowing, and maintaining an open airway. Tongue motion plays a fundamental role in the development of oral and facial structures as insufficient tongue motion may cause severe body malfunctions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9ef9/e12bf7796d3b8f56791e4fff7fd9f942a9e6.pdf|title=Lingual frenulum protocol with scores for infants|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Queiroz Marchesan I. Lingual Frenulum: classification and speech interference. Int J Orofacial Myology 2004; 30:31-38|journal=The International Journal of Orofacial Myology : Official Publication of the International Association of Orofacial Myology|volume=30|pages=31–8|pmid = 15832860|year = 2004|last1 = Queiroz Marchesan|first1 = I.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sánchez-Molins M., Grau Carbó C., Lischeid Gaig C., Ustrell Torrent JM. Comparative study of the craniofacial growth depending on the type of lactation received. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2010; 11:87-92|journal=European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry : Official Journal of European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry|volume=11|issue=2|pages=87–92|pmid = 20635843|year = 2010|last1 = Sánchez-Molins|first1 = M.|last2=Grau Carbó|first2=J.|last3=Lischeid Gaig|first3=C.|last4=Ustrell Torrent|first4=J. M.}}</ref>


== The risks of tongue malfunction ==
== The risks of tongue malfunction ==
The tongue's critical role has long been recognized. Unfortunately, many tongue malfunctions are not diagnosed at [[newborns|newborn]] stage which can have significant consequences in later [[childhood]] and adulthood, and can lead to:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46008894_Ankyloglossia_may_Cause_Breastfeeding_Tongue_Mobility_and_Speech_Difficulties_with_Inconclusive_Results_on_Treatment_Choices|title=Merdad H. & Mascarenhas, A.K. (2013). Ankyloglossia may cause breastfeeding, tongue mobility, and speech difficulties, with inconclusive results on treatment choices. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 10(3):152-3.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29380619|title=E. Ferrés-Amat, T. Pastor-Vera, P. Rodriguez-Alessi, E. Ferrés-Amat, J. Mareque-Bueno, E. Ferrés-Padró (2017) The prevalence of ankyloglossia in 302 newborns with breastfeeding problems and sucking difficulties in Barcelona: a descriptive study. European Journal of paediatric dentistry vol. 18/4-2017|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Baxter R. et Al (2018) Toungue-tied: How a tiny string under the tongue impacts nursing, speech, feeding and more. Alabama Tongue-Tie Center|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28994495|title=Yoon A, Zaghi S, Ha S, Law C, Guilleminault C, Liu S. Ankyloglossia as a risk factor for maxillary hypoplasia and soft palate elongation: A functional–morphological study.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The tongue's critical role has long been recognized. Unfortunately, many tongue malfunctions are not diagnosed at [[newborns|newborn]] stage which can have significant consequences in later [[childhood]] and adulthood, and can lead to:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46008894|title=Merdad H. & Mascarenhas, A.K. (2013). Ankyloglossia may cause breastfeeding, tongue mobility, and speech difficulties, with inconclusive results on treatment choices. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 10(3):152-3.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=E. Ferrés-Amat, T. Pastor-Vera, P. Rodriguez-Alessi, E. Ferrés-Amat, J. Mareque-Bueno, E. Ferrés-Padró (2017) The prevalence of ankyloglossia in 302 newborns with breastfeeding problems and sucking difficulties in Barcelona: a descriptive study. European Journal of paediatric dentistry vol. 18/4-2017|journal=European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry : Official Journal of European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry|volume=18|issue=4|pages=319–325|pmid = 29380619|year = 2017|last1 = Ferrés-Amat|first1 = E.|last2=Pastor-Vera|first2=T.|last3=Rodriguez-Alessi|first3=P.|last4=Ferrés-Amat|first4=E.|last5=Mareque-Bueno|first5=J.|last6=Ferrés-Padró|first6=E.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Baxter R. et Al (2018) Toungue-tied: How a tiny string under the tongue impacts nursing, speech, feeding and more. Alabama Tongue-Tie Center|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Yoon A, Zaghi S, Ha S, Law C, Guilleminault C, Liu S. Ankyloglossia as a risk factor for maxillary hypoplasia and soft palate elongation: A functional–morphological study.|journal=Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research|volume=20|issue=4|pages=237–244|pmid = 28994495|year = 2017|last1 = Yoon|first1 = A. J.|last2=Zaghi|first2=S.|last3=Ha|first3=S.|last4=Law|first4=C. S.|last5=Guilleminault|first5=C.|last6=Liu|first6=S. Y.|doi=10.1111/ocr.12206}}</ref>


* [[Breastfeeding difficulties]]
* [[Breastfeeding difficulties]]
Line 25: Line 25:


== Protocols ==
== Protocols ==
Historically, in many cultures, [[physician]]s have performed tongue releases ([[frenectomy]]) in babies. Medical research has confirmed the benefits of this procedure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16952598|title=S. Dollberg, E. Botzer et al., Immediate nipple pain relief after frenotomy in breast-fed infants with ankyloglossia: a randomized, prospective study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Volume 41, Issue 9, September 2006 1598-1600|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022346817307327#!|title=J. Billington et al. Long-term efficacy of a tongue tie service in improving breast feeding rates: A prospective study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 53, Issue 2, February 2018, 286-288|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/128/2/280.short|title=Buryk M et al. Efficacy of neonatal release of Ankyloglossia: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2011; 128(2):280-8|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28315149|title=Villa, M.P., Evangelisti, M., Martella, S. et al. Can Myofunctional therapy increase tongue tone and reduce symptoms in children with sleep-disordered breathing? Sleep Breathing (2017) 21: 1025|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Nowadays, various protocols exist for diagnosing and treating tongue ties, and other tongue malfunctions and their consequences.
Historically, in many cultures, [[physician]]s have performed tongue releases ([[frenectomy]]) in babies. Medical research has confirmed the benefits of this procedure.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=S. Dollberg, E. Botzer et al., Immediate nipple pain relief after frenotomy in breast-fed infants with ankyloglossia: a randomized, prospective study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Volume 41, Issue 9, September 2006 1598-1600|journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery|volume=41|issue=9|pages=1598–600|pmid = 16952598|year = 2006|last1 = Dollberg|first1 = S.|last2=Botzer|first2=E.|last3=Grunis|first3=E.|last4=Mimouni|first4=F. B.|doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022346817307327#!|title=J. Billington et al. Long-term efficacy of a tongue tie service in improving breast feeding rates: A prospective study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 53, Issue 2, February 2018, 286-288|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/128/2/280.short|title=Buryk M et al. Efficacy of neonatal release of Ankyloglossia: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2011; 128(2):280-8|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Villa, M.P., Evangelisti, M., Martella, S. et al. Can Myofunctional therapy increase tongue tone and reduce symptoms in children with sleep-disordered breathing? Sleep Breathing (2017) 21: 1025|journal=Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung|volume=21|issue=4|pages=1025–1032|pmid = 28315149|year = 2017|last1 = Villa|first1 = M. P.|last2=Evangelisti|first2=M.|last3=Martella|first3=S.|last4=Barreto|first4=M.|last5=Del Pozzo|first5=M.|doi=10.1007/s11325-017-1489-2}}</ref> Nowadays, various protocols exist for diagnosing and treating tongue ties, and other tongue malfunctions and their consequences.


The protocol for treating the tongue depends on the caregiver’s profession and the patient’s age.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
The protocol for treating the tongue depends on the caregiver’s profession and the patient’s age.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Revision as of 23:58, 6 March 2019

Tongue training is a technique used to encourage proper tongue motion. Tongue training is used to treat individuals suffering from tongue-ties (Ankyloglossia) or any other tongue dysfunction.[1] It is also important for individuals suffering from Orofacial myological disorders.

The role of tongue motion

Appropriate motion and strength of the tongue are vital for eating, swallowing, and maintaining an open airway. Tongue motion plays a fundamental role in the development of oral and facial structures as insufficient tongue motion may cause severe body malfunctions.[2][3][4]

The risks of tongue malfunction

The tongue's critical role has long been recognized. Unfortunately, many tongue malfunctions are not diagnosed at newborn stage which can have significant consequences in later childhood and adulthood, and can lead to:[5][6][7][8]

  • Breastfeeding difficulties
  • Palate abnormalities
  • Colic
  • GI Reflux
  • Altered breathing patterns
  • Altered sleep patterns resulting in poor sleep quality
  • Sleep apnea
  • Swallowing difficulties
  • Ear infections
  • Impaired speech
  • Postural issues
  • Neck pain
  • Dental issues
  • TMJ problems

Protocols

Historically, in many cultures, physicians have performed tongue releases (frenectomy) in babies. Medical research has confirmed the benefits of this procedure.[9][10][11][12] Nowadays, various protocols exist for diagnosing and treating tongue ties, and other tongue malfunctions and their consequences.

The protocol for treating the tongue depends on the caregiver’s profession and the patient’s age.[1][12]

Studies show passive and active tongue exercises are required to improve tongue motion as a sub-functional tongued baby or adult learn how to use their tongues properly. Tongue training is an encouragement, or neuromuscular re-education, which also helps strengthen tongue muscle. It is critical for a positive prognosis post-frenectomy.[7][6][1]

It is now common that when a tongue tie which causes a sub-functional tongue is diagnosed, even in infants, the caregiver will recommend performing tongue exercises before a referral for a frenectomy as well as after the procedure. This conditions the baby and the parent/caretaker, and begins to "fire and wire the muscles to help overall tone and strength” of the tongue.[7]

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for the prevention of the possible outcomes of a sub-functional tongue as mentioned above.

Brazil is the first and so far, the only country, which legislated a state law requiring a tongue evaluation be done for each newborn as a screening test (“teste da linguine” under Law 13.002 / 2014).

In addition to the standard tongue training protocol for a diagnosed sub-functional tongue, the recent development of methods and tools that enable comfortable, pleasant and effective tongue training, lead caregivers to recommend that each newborn receive a tongue training of two weeks accompanied by a professional's guidance.

Caregivers

References

  1. ^ a b c "Multidisciplinary management of ankyloglossia in childhood" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  2. ^ "Lingual frenulum protocol with scores for infants" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ Queiroz Marchesan, I. (2004). "Queiroz Marchesan I. Lingual Frenulum: classification and speech interference. Int J Orofacial Myology 2004; 30:31-38". The International Journal of Orofacial Myology : Official Publication of the International Association of Orofacial Myology. 30: 31–8. PMID 15832860.
  4. ^ Sánchez-Molins, M.; Grau Carbó, J.; Lischeid Gaig, C.; Ustrell Torrent, J. M. (2010). "Sánchez-Molins M., Grau Carbó C., Lischeid Gaig C., Ustrell Torrent JM. Comparative study of the craniofacial growth depending on the type of lactation received. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2010; 11:87-92". European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry : Official Journal of European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. 11 (2): 87–92. PMID 20635843.
  5. ^ "Merdad H. & Mascarenhas, A.K. (2013). Ankyloglossia may cause breastfeeding, tongue mobility, and speech difficulties, with inconclusive results on treatment choices. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 10(3):152-3". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ a b Ferrés-Amat, E.; Pastor-Vera, T.; Rodriguez-Alessi, P.; Ferrés-Amat, E.; Mareque-Bueno, J.; Ferrés-Padró, E. (2017). "E. Ferrés-Amat, T. Pastor-Vera, P. Rodriguez-Alessi, E. Ferrés-Amat, J. Mareque-Bueno, E. Ferrés-Padró (2017) The prevalence of ankyloglossia in 302 newborns with breastfeeding problems and sucking difficulties in Barcelona: a descriptive study. European Journal of paediatric dentistry vol. 18/4-2017". European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry : Official Journal of European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. 18 (4): 319–325. PMID 29380619.
  7. ^ a b c Baxter R. et Al (2018) Toungue-tied: How a tiny string under the tongue impacts nursing, speech, feeding and more. Alabama Tongue-Tie Center.
  8. ^ Yoon, A. J.; Zaghi, S.; Ha, S.; Law, C. S.; Guilleminault, C.; Liu, S. Y. (2017). "Yoon A, Zaghi S, Ha S, Law C, Guilleminault C, Liu S. Ankyloglossia as a risk factor for maxillary hypoplasia and soft palate elongation: A functional–morphological study". Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 20 (4): 237–244. doi:10.1111/ocr.12206. PMID 28994495.
  9. ^ Dollberg, S.; Botzer, E.; Grunis, E.; Mimouni, F. B. (2006). "S. Dollberg, E. Botzer et al., Immediate nipple pain relief after frenotomy in breast-fed infants with ankyloglossia: a randomized, prospective study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Volume 41, Issue 9, September 2006 1598-1600". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 41 (9): 1598–600. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.024. PMID 16952598.
  10. ^ "J. Billington et al. Long-term efficacy of a tongue tie service in improving breast feeding rates: A prospective study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 53, Issue 2, February 2018, 286-288". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  11. ^ "Buryk M et al. Efficacy of neonatal release of Ankyloglossia: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2011; 128(2):280-8". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  12. ^ a b Villa, M. P.; Evangelisti, M.; Martella, S.; Barreto, M.; Del Pozzo, M. (2017). "Villa, M.P., Evangelisti, M., Martella, S. et al. Can Myofunctional therapy increase tongue tone and reduce symptoms in children with sleep-disordered breathing? Sleep Breathing (2017) 21: 1025". Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 21 (4): 1025–1032. doi:10.1007/s11325-017-1489-2. PMID 28315149.
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