Paleoendemism: Difference between revisions
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'''Paleoendemism''' along with [[neoendemism]] is one of two sub-categories of [[endemism]]. Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area. |
'''Paleoendemism''' along with [[neoendemism]] is one of two sub-categories of [[endemism]]. Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area. |
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Neoendemism refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation or through hybridization and [[polyploidy]] in plants. <ref>{{ |
Neoendemism refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation or through hybridization and [[polyploidy]] in plants. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7051.html|title=The Theory of Island Biogeography|website=Princeton University Press|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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The first part of the word, paleo, comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''palaiós, meaning "ancient".''<ref>{{Cite |
The first part of the word, paleo, comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''palaiós, meaning "ancient".''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stebbins|first=G. Ledyard|last2=Major|first2=Jack|date=1965|title=Endemism and Speciation in the California Flora|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942216|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=35|issue=1|pages=2–35|doi=10.2307/1942216|issn=0012-9615}}</ref> The second part of the word, ''endemism'' is from [[New Latin]] ''endēmicus'', from Greek ενδήμος, ''endēmos'', "native". ''Endēmos'' is formed of ''en'' meaning "in", and ''dēmos'' meaning "the people".<ref>{{Citation|last=Vargas|first=Pablo|title=Are Macaronesian islands refugia of relict plant lineages?: a molecular survey|date=2007|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4904-8_11|work=Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia: Evolutionary perspectives on the origins and conservation of European biodiversity|pages=297–314|editor-last=Weiss|editor-first=Steven|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/1-4020-4904-8_11|isbn=9781402049040|access-date=2019-03-06|editor2-last=Ferrand|editor2-first=Nuno}}</ref> |
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== Causes == |
== Causes == |
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Changes in climate are thought to be the driving force in creating endemic species. Regions where past climate change has been relatively stable with low [[extinction]] rates are more like to be endemic hotspots today.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Harrison|first=Susan|last2=Noss|first2=Reed|date=2017-1|title=Endemism hotspots are linked to stable climatic refugia|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aob/mcw248|journal=Annals of Botany|language=en|volume=119|issue=2|pages=207–214|doi=10.1093/aob/mcw248|issn=0305-7364|pmc=PMC5321063|pmid=28064195}}</ref> To qualify as [[Biodiversity hotspot|hotspot]], geographical areas have to have more than 0.5% of the world's plant species endemic to the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= |
Changes in climate are thought to be the driving force in creating endemic species. Regions where past climate change has been relatively stable with low [[extinction]] rates are more like to be endemic hotspots today.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Harrison|first=Susan|last2=Noss|first2=Reed|date=2017-1|title=Endemism hotspots are linked to stable climatic refugia|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aob/mcw248|journal=Annals of Botany|language=en|volume=119|issue=2|pages=207–214|doi=10.1093/aob/mcw248|issn=0305-7364|pmc=PMC5321063|pmid=28064195}}</ref> To qualify as [[Biodiversity hotspot|hotspot]], geographical areas have to have more than 0.5% of the world's plant species endemic to the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brandley|first=Matthew C.|last2=Wang|first2=Yuezhao|last3=Guo|first3=Xianguang|last4=Nieto Montes de Oca|first4=Adrián|last5=Fería Ortíz|first5=Manuel|last6=Hikida|first6=Tsutomu|last7=Ota|first7=Hidetoshi|date=2010-06-30|title=Bermuda as an Evolutionary Life Raft for an Ancient Lineage of Endangered Lizards|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894854/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=6|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011375|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMCPMC2894854|pmid=20614024}}</ref> These causes apply to both neoendemism and paleoendemism. However, paleoendemism differs as it does not require additional factors such barriers and ecological opportunity as it does not rely on [[adaptive radiation]] like neoendemism does.<ref name=":0" /> Limited ability for dispersal is also important in the creation of endemic species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandel|first=B.|last2=Arge|first2=L.|last3=Dalsgaard|first3=B.|last4=Davies|first4=R. G.|last5=Gaston|first5=K. J.|last6=Sutherland|first6=W. J.|last7=Svenning|first7=J.- C.|date=2011-11-04|title=The Influence of Late Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity on Species Endemism|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1210173|journal=Science|language=en|volume=334|issue=6056|pages=660–664|doi=10.1126/science.1210173|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> |
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== Examples == |
== Examples == |
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It is not always clear whether a particular species is paleoendemic or neoendemic. For example, [[kiwi]]s, which are confined to New Zealand, were cited as examples of paleoendemism, this has since been proven to be untrue. Kiwis are [[ratite]]s (a group of [[flightless bird]]s). Most parts of the former supercontinent [[Gondwana]] have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. The traditional account of ratite evolution has the group emerging in flightless form in Gondwana in the Cretaceous, then evolving in their separate directions as the continents drifted apart. More recently, it has been suggested that ratites lost the ability to fly multiple times, and the proto-kiwi developed an inability to fly after arrival in New Zealand. “Overwater dispersal” has been hypothesised for the arrival of the kiwis' ancestor in New Zealand.<ref name="Sci">{{cite web | url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tiny-kiwi-and-giant-elephant-bird-are-close-cousins | title=Tiny Kiwi and giant Elephant Bird are close cousins | work=[[Scientific American]] | date=2014 | access-date=7 November 2015 | first = Charles Q | last = Choi | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref> |
It is not always clear whether a particular species is paleoendemic or neoendemic. For example, [[kiwi]]s, which are confined to New Zealand, were cited as examples of paleoendemism, this has since been proven to be untrue. Kiwis are [[ratite]]s (a group of [[flightless bird]]s). Most parts of the former supercontinent [[Gondwana]] have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. The traditional account of ratite evolution has the group emerging in flightless form in Gondwana in the Cretaceous, then evolving in their separate directions as the continents drifted apart. More recently, it has been suggested that ratites lost the ability to fly multiple times, and the proto-kiwi developed an inability to fly after arrival in New Zealand. “Overwater dispersal” has been hypothesised for the arrival of the kiwis' ancestor in New Zealand.<ref name="Sci">{{cite web | url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tiny-kiwi-and-giant-elephant-bird-are-close-cousins | title=Tiny Kiwi and giant Elephant Bird are close cousins | work=[[Scientific American]] | date=2014 | access-date=7 November 2015 | first = Charles Q | last = Choi | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref> |
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The Scorpion of [[Montecristo]] (''[[Euscorpius oglasae]]'') from the small [[Italy|Italian]] island of the same name is likely a paleoendemic species. Glaciations during the [[Pleistocene]] are unlikely to have created [[Land bridge|land bridges]] between the 10.39 km<sup>2</sup> island and the Italian mainland, isolating the species for tens of thousands of years.<ref>{{Cite |
The Scorpion of [[Montecristo]] (''[[Euscorpius oglasae]]'') from the small [[Italy|Italian]] island of the same name is likely a paleoendemic species. Glaciations during the [[Pleistocene]] are unlikely to have created [[Land bridge|land bridges]] between the 10.39 km<sup>2</sup> island and the Italian mainland, isolating the species for tens of thousands of years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/geology-and-plant-life-the-effects-of-landforms-and-rock-types-on-plants/oclc/475373672|title=Geology and plant life: the effects of landforms and rock types on plants|last=Kruckeberg|first=Arthur R|date=2002|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295982038|location=Seattle|language=English|oclc=475373672}}</ref> |
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=== '''Paleoendemism on Islands''' === |
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Islands offer classic examples of paleoendemism. For this purpose, an island is an area of habitat that is suitable for an organism surrounded on all sides by habitat that is unsuitable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7051.html|title=The Theory of Island Biogeography|website=Princeton University Press|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Islands as harbors for endemic species are explained by the [[Island biogeography|Theory of Island Biogeography]]. However, in order to be considered a paleoendemic on an island, the species must have had a widespread distribution previously<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stebbins|first=G. Ledyard|last2=Major|first2=Jack|date=1965|title=Endemism and Speciation in the California Flora|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942216|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=35|issue=1|pages=2–35|doi=10.2307/1942216|issn=0012-9615}}</ref>, thus eliminating newly formed islands as potential refuges of paleo-endemics. |
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==== '''Geographical Islands''' ==== |
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[[File:Plestiodon_longirostris.jpg|thumb|The Bermuda rock skink (''Plestiodon longirostris'', formerly known as ''Eumeces longirostris'').]] |
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For example, on the [[Canary Islands]], there are a large number of relict plant species that were formerly distributed in Europe and North Africa. Of the 88 critically endangered species on the Canary Islands, many are the result of range reductions on the islands.<ref>{{Citation|last=Vargas|first=Pablo|title=Are Macaronesian islands refugia of relict plant lineages?: a molecular survey|date=2007|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4904-8_11|work=Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia: Evolutionary perspectives on the origins and conservation of European biodiversity|pages=297–314|editor-last=Weiss|editor-first=Steven|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/1-4020-4904-8_11|isbn=9781402049040|access-date=2019-03-06|editor2-last=Ferrand|editor2-first=Nuno}}</ref> The island of [[New Caledonia]] is also a prime example as many of the species on the island are paleoendemics. The palm species on New Caledonia grow in areas that are likely former Pleistocene refugia of lowland rainforests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0764446901013129|title=ScienceDirect|website=www.sciencedirect.com|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Islands are also a refuge for [[Relict (biology)|relic]]<nowiki/>t lineages of animals. [[Bermuda]] has a high diversity of species and home to one species of terrestrial vertebrate, the skink ''Plestiodon longirostris'', which is the only extant lineage of mainland North American ''Plestiodon'' lineages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brandley|first=Matthew C.|last2=Wang|first2=Yuezhao|last3=Guo|first3=Xianguang|last4=Nieto Montes de Oca|first4=Adrián|last5=Fería Ortíz|first5=Manuel|last6=Hikida|first6=Tsutomu|last7=Ota|first7=Hidetoshi|date=2010-06-30|title=Bermuda as an Evolutionary Life Raft for an Ancient Lineage of Endangered Lizards|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894854/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=6|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011375|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMCPMC2894854|pmid=20614024}}</ref> |
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==== '''Soil ([[Edaphology|edapphic]]) Islands''' ==== |
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[[File:Red_Hills_(42598108362).jpg|thumb|Red Hills near Tuolumne Counry, CA: a serpentine grasslands. Photo by Patrick Congdon, BLM volunteer.]] |
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Many soil types harbor diverse and endemic plant species. Specific soil types act as “islands” of fertility and the distribution of these soils leads to high rates of paleo- and neoendemism.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Anacker|first=Brian L.|date=2014|title=The nature of serpentine endemism|url=https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3732/ajb.1300349|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=101|issue=2|pages=219–224|doi=10.3732/ajb.1300349|issn=1537-2197}}</ref> The primary example of this is [[Serpentine soil|serpentine soils]].<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Michael S.|last2=Soltis|first2=Pamela S.|date=1994|title=The Evolution of Serpentine Endemics: A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of the Streptanthus glandulosus Complex (Cruciferae)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2419777|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=19|issue=4|pages=557–574|doi=10.2307/2419777|issn=0363-6445}}</ref> These soils are found in Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, Alps, Cuba, New Caledonia, the North American Appalachians, and a scattered distribution in California, Oregon, and Washington and elsewhere<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/geology-and-plant-life-the-effects-of-landforms-and-rock-types-on-plants/oclc/475373672|title=Geology and plant life: the effects of landforms and rock types on plants|last=Kruckeberg|first=Arthur R|date=2002|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295982038|location=Seattle|language=English|oclc=475373672}}</ref> For example in the serpentine soil patches in the Pacific Northwest, ''Steptanthus glandulosus'' subsp. ''glandulosus'' is a paleoendemic, though the closely related members of the species complex are widely distributed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Michael S.|last2=Soltis|first2=Pamela S.|date=1994|title=The Evolution of Serpentine Endemics: A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of the Streptanthus glandulosus Complex (Cruciferae)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2419777|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=19|issue=4|pages=557–574|doi=10.2307/2419777|issn=0363-6445}}</ref> |
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==== '''Mountain Islands''' ==== |
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[[File:Campanula_piperi_Piper's_bellflower.JPG|thumb|Piper's bellflower, an Olympic Mountain endemic, near Mt. Angeles]] |
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Mountains can also be “islands” and harbors of paleoendemism because species that live on mountain peaks are geographically isolated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Comes|first=Hans Peter|date=2004|title=The Mediterranean region – a hotspot for plant biogeographic research|url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=164|issue=1|pages=11–14|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x|issn=1469-8137}}</ref> For example, in the [[Maritime Alps]], ''Saxifraga florulenta'', is an endemic plant that evolved in the Late Miocene and was once widespread across the [[Mediterranean Basin]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Comes|first=Hans Peter|date=2004|title=The Mediterranean region – a hotspot for plant biogeographic research|url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=164|issue=1|pages=11–14|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x|issn=1469-8137}}</ref> Additionally, Piper’s bellflower (''Campanula piperi'') in the [[Olympic Mountains]] in Northern Washington is suspected to be a paleoendemic because the closest related species is located over 1,000 km away. Another example is ''Stroganowia tiehmii'' which is endemic to a single mountain range in Nevada <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heritage.nv.gov/taxon_detail/15089|title=Stroganowia tiehmii {{!}} Nevada Natural Heritage Program|website=heritage.nv.gov|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> and all other members of the genus are in Central Asia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=131752|title=Stroganowia in Flora of China @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>.{{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}} |
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<references /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 17:18, 12 March 2019
Paleoendemism along with neoendemism is one of two sub-categories of endemism. Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area. Neoendemism refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation or through hybridization and polyploidy in plants. [1]
Etymology
The first part of the word, paleo, comes from the Greek word palaiós, meaning "ancient".[2] The second part of the word, endemism is from New Latin endēmicus, from Greek ενδήμος, endēmos, "native". Endēmos is formed of en meaning "in", and dēmos meaning "the people".[3]
Causes
Changes in climate are thought to be the driving force in creating endemic species. Regions where past climate change has been relatively stable with low extinction rates are more like to be endemic hotspots today.[4] To qualify as hotspot, geographical areas have to have more than 0.5% of the world's plant species endemic to the region.[5] These causes apply to both neoendemism and paleoendemism. However, paleoendemism differs as it does not require additional factors such barriers and ecological opportunity as it does not rely on adaptive radiation like neoendemism does.[4] Limited ability for dispersal is also important in the creation of endemic species.[6]
Examples
It is not always clear whether a particular species is paleoendemic or neoendemic. For example, kiwis, which are confined to New Zealand, were cited as examples of paleoendemism, this has since been proven to be untrue. Kiwis are ratites (a group of flightless birds). Most parts of the former supercontinent Gondwana have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. The traditional account of ratite evolution has the group emerging in flightless form in Gondwana in the Cretaceous, then evolving in their separate directions as the continents drifted apart. More recently, it has been suggested that ratites lost the ability to fly multiple times, and the proto-kiwi developed an inability to fly after arrival in New Zealand. “Overwater dispersal” has been hypothesised for the arrival of the kiwis' ancestor in New Zealand.[7]
The Scorpion of Montecristo (Euscorpius oglasae) from the small Italian island of the same name is likely a paleoendemic species. Glaciations during the Pleistocene are unlikely to have created land bridges between the 10.39 km2 island and the Italian mainland, isolating the species for tens of thousands of years.[8]
Paleoendemism on Islands
Islands offer classic examples of paleoendemism. For this purpose, an island is an area of habitat that is suitable for an organism surrounded on all sides by habitat that is unsuitable.[9] Islands as harbors for endemic species are explained by the Theory of Island Biogeography. However, in order to be considered a paleoendemic on an island, the species must have had a widespread distribution previously[10], thus eliminating newly formed islands as potential refuges of paleo-endemics.
Geographical Islands
For example, on the Canary Islands, there are a large number of relict plant species that were formerly distributed in Europe and North Africa. Of the 88 critically endangered species on the Canary Islands, many are the result of range reductions on the islands.[11] The island of New Caledonia is also a prime example as many of the species on the island are paleoendemics. The palm species on New Caledonia grow in areas that are likely former Pleistocene refugia of lowland rainforests.[12] Islands are also a refuge for relict lineages of animals. Bermuda has a high diversity of species and home to one species of terrestrial vertebrate, the skink Plestiodon longirostris, which is the only extant lineage of mainland North American Plestiodon lineages.[13]
Soil (edapphic) Islands
.jpg)
Many soil types harbor diverse and endemic plant species. Specific soil types act as “islands” of fertility and the distribution of these soils leads to high rates of paleo- and neoendemism.[14] The primary example of this is serpentine soils.[14][15] These soils are found in Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, Alps, Cuba, New Caledonia, the North American Appalachians, and a scattered distribution in California, Oregon, and Washington and elsewhere[16] For example in the serpentine soil patches in the Pacific Northwest, Steptanthus glandulosus subsp. glandulosus is a paleoendemic, though the closely related members of the species complex are widely distributed.[17]
Mountain Islands
Mountains can also be “islands” and harbors of paleoendemism because species that live on mountain peaks are geographically isolated.[18] For example, in the Maritime Alps, Saxifraga florulenta, is an endemic plant that evolved in the Late Miocene and was once widespread across the Mediterranean Basin.[19] Additionally, Piper’s bellflower (Campanula piperi) in the Olympic Mountains in Northern Washington is suspected to be a paleoendemic because the closest related species is located over 1,000 km away. Another example is Stroganowia tiehmii which is endemic to a single mountain range in Nevada [20] and all other members of the genus are in Central Asia[21].
 | This is a user sandbox of Paleoendemism. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
This template should only be used in the user namespace.This template should only be used in the user namespace.
- ^ "The Theory of Island Biogeography". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
- ^ Stebbins, G. Ledyard; Major, Jack (1965). "Endemism and Speciation in the California Flora". Ecological Monographs. 35 (1): 2–35. doi:10.2307/1942216. ISSN 0012-9615.
- ^ Vargas, Pablo (2007), Weiss, Steven; Ferrand, Nuno (eds.), "Are Macaronesian islands refugia of relict plant lineages?: a molecular survey", Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia: Evolutionary perspectives on the origins and conservation of European biodiversity, Springer Netherlands, pp. 297–314, doi:10.1007/1-4020-4904-8_11, ISBN 9781402049040, retrieved 2019-03-06
- ^ a b Harrison, Susan; Noss, Reed (2017-1). "Endemism hotspots are linked to stable climatic refugia". Annals of Botany. 119 (2): 207–214. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw248. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 5321063. PMID 28064195.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Brandley, Matthew C.; Wang, Yuezhao; Guo, Xianguang; Nieto Montes de Oca, Adrián; Fería Ortíz, Manuel; Hikida, Tsutomu; Ota, Hidetoshi (2010-06-30). "Bermuda as an Evolutionary Life Raft for an Ancient Lineage of Endangered Lizards". PLoS ONE. 5 (6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011375. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC PMCPMC2894854. PMID 20614024.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmc=value (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sandel, B.; Arge, L.; Dalsgaard, B.; Davies, R. G.; Gaston, K. J.; Sutherland, W. J.; Svenning, J.- C. (2011-11-04). "The Influence of Late Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity on Species Endemism". Science. 334 (6056): 660–664. doi:10.1126/science.1210173. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ Choi, Charles Q (2014). "Tiny Kiwi and giant Elephant Bird are close cousins". Scientific American. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Kruckeberg, Arthur R (2002). Geology and plant life: the effects of landforms and rock types on plants. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295982038. OCLC 475373672.
- ^ "The Theory of Island Biogeography". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
- ^ Stebbins, G. Ledyard; Major, Jack (1965). "Endemism and Speciation in the California Flora". Ecological Monographs. 35 (1): 2–35. doi:10.2307/1942216. ISSN 0012-9615.
- ^ Vargas, Pablo (2007), Weiss, Steven; Ferrand, Nuno (eds.), "Are Macaronesian islands refugia of relict plant lineages?: a molecular survey", Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia: Evolutionary perspectives on the origins and conservation of European biodiversity, Springer Netherlands, pp. 297–314, doi:10.1007/1-4020-4904-8_11, ISBN 9781402049040, retrieved 2019-03-06
- ^ "ScienceDirect". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
- ^ Brandley, Matthew C.; Wang, Yuezhao; Guo, Xianguang; Nieto Montes de Oca, Adrián; Fería Ortíz, Manuel; Hikida, Tsutomu; Ota, Hidetoshi (2010-06-30). "Bermuda as an Evolutionary Life Raft for an Ancient Lineage of Endangered Lizards". PLoS ONE. 5 (6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011375. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC PMCPMC2894854. PMID 20614024.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmc=value (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Anacker, Brian L. (2014). "The nature of serpentine endemism". American Journal of Botany. 101 (2): 219–224. doi:10.3732/ajb.1300349. ISSN 1537-2197.
- ^ Mayer, Michael S.; Soltis, Pamela S. (1994). "The Evolution of Serpentine Endemics: A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of the Streptanthus glandulosus Complex (Cruciferae)". Systematic Botany. 19 (4): 557–574. doi:10.2307/2419777. ISSN 0363-6445.
- ^ Kruckeberg, Arthur R (2002). Geology and plant life: the effects of landforms and rock types on plants. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295982038. OCLC 475373672.
- ^ Mayer, Michael S.; Soltis, Pamela S. (1994). "The Evolution of Serpentine Endemics: A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of the Streptanthus glandulosus Complex (Cruciferae)". Systematic Botany. 19 (4): 557–574. doi:10.2307/2419777. ISSN 0363-6445.
- ^ Comes, Hans Peter (2004). "The Mediterranean region – a hotspot for plant biogeographic research". New Phytologist. 164 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x. ISSN 1469-8137.
- ^ Comes, Hans Peter (2004). "The Mediterranean region – a hotspot for plant biogeographic research". New Phytologist. 164 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x. ISSN 1469-8137.
- ^ "Stroganowia tiehmii | Nevada Natural Heritage Program". heritage.nv.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ^ "Stroganowia in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2019-03-12.