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A '''cell bank''' is a facility that stores cells of specific [[genome]] for the purpose of future use in a product or medicinal needs. They often contain expansive amounts of [[Cellular material|base cell material]] that can be utilized for various projects. Cell banks can be used to generate detailed characterizations of cell lines and can also help mitigate [[Cell culture#Cell line cross-contamination|cross-contamination]] of a [[cell line]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Novel vaccination strategies |last=Kaufmann |first=Stefan H.E. |authorlink= |year=2004 |publisher=[[Wiley-VCH]] |location= |isbn= |page=283 |
A '''cell bank''' is a facility that stores cells of specific [[genome]] for the purpose of future use in a product or medicinal needs. They often contain expansive amounts of [[Cellular material|base cell material]] that can be utilized for various projects. Cell banks can be used to generate detailed characterizations of cell lines and can also help mitigate [[Cell culture#Cell line cross-contamination|cross-contamination]] of a [[cell line]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Novel vaccination strategies |last=Kaufmann |first=Stefan H.E. |authorlink= |year=2004 |publisher=[[Wiley-VCH]] |location= |isbn= 9783527606092|page=283 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=3eH950PyUQYC&pg=PA283&dq=%22cell+bank%22#v=onepage&q=%22cell%20bank%22&f=false |accessdate=August 12, 2011}}</ref> Utilizing cell banks also reduces the cost of cell culture processes, providing a cost-efficient alternative to keeping cells in culture constantly. Cell banks are commonly used within fields including stem cell research and pharmaceuticals, with [[cryopreservation]] being the traditional method of keeping cellular material intact.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Harel|first=Adrian|date=2013-02-13|title=Cryopreservation and Cell Banking for Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies|url=http://la-press.com/cryopreservation-and-cell-banking-for-autologous-mesenchymal-stem-cell-article-a3541|journal=Cell & Tissue Transplantation & Therapy|language=en|volume=2013|issue=5|pages=1|doi=10.4137/CTTT.S11249}}</ref> Cell banks also effectively reduce the frequency of a cell sample diversifying from natural cell divisions over time.<ref>[https://www.atcc.org/~/media/PDFs/Technical%20Bulletins/tb03.ashx "Cryogenic Storage of Animal Cells"]. 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2017.</ref> |
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== Storage == |
== Storage == |
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Before putting the donated cell lines into storage, they are first [[Cell proliferation|proliferated]] and multiplied into a large number of identical cells before being stored in a number of [[Vial|cryovials]]. Along with the cells, cryoprotection agents are also added to the vials to protect the cells from rupturing from ice crystals during the freezing process. 10% DMSO solution is a common cryoprotection agent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Rosa|first=Alfredo|last2=De Francesco|first2=Francesco|last3=Tirino|first3=Virginia|last4=Ferraro|first4=Giuseppe A.|last5=Desiderio|first5=Vincenzo|last6=Paino|first6=Francesca|last7=Pirozzi|first7=Giuseppe|last8=D'Andrea|first8=Francesco|last9=Papaccio|first9=Gianpaolo|date=2009-03-02|title=A New Method for Cryopreserving Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: An Attractive and Suitable Large-Scale and Long-Term Cell Banking Technology |
Before putting the donated cell lines into storage, they are first [[Cell proliferation|proliferated]] and multiplied into a large number of identical cells before being stored in a number of [[Vial|cryovials]]. Along with the cells, cryoprotection agents are also added to the vials to protect the cells from rupturing from ice crystals during the freezing process. 10% DMSO solution is a common cryoprotection agent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Rosa|first=Alfredo|last2=De Francesco|first2=Francesco|last3=Tirino|first3=Virginia|last4=Ferraro|first4=Giuseppe A.|last5=Desiderio|first5=Vincenzo|last6=Paino|first6=Francesca|last7=Pirozzi|first7=Giuseppe|last8=D'Andrea|first8=Francesco|last9=Papaccio|first9=Gianpaolo|date=2009-03-02|title=A New Method for Cryopreserving Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: An Attractive and Suitable Large-Scale and Long-Term Cell Banking Technology|journal=Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods|volume=15|issue=4|pages=659–667|doi=10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0674|pmid=19254116|issn=1937-3384}}</ref> These cryovials are then placed into a tray, labeled with the cell line's genetic data, and placed into cryogenic freezers. The freezers contain nitrogen in either liquid or vapor form, and the cells are frozen at a rate of -1 to -3 degrees Celsius per minute until a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius is reached.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Behme">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wiUBBra9ebUC&pg=PA46&dq=%22cell+bank%22#v=onepage&q=%22cell%20bank%22&f=false|title=Manufacturing of pharmaceutical proteins: from technology to economy|last=Behme|first=Stefan|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|year=2009|isbn=9783527627684|location=|pages=46–47|authorlink=|accessdate=August 12, 2011}}</ref> At a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius, metabolic processes within the cells are significantly slowed to stop all cell growth, thus preserving the cell line, which is especially useful when the cell line has a limited number of cell divisions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cell Banking (MCB, WCB, Cryopreservation)|first1=Alex|last1=Fanelli|url=http://www.cellbanking.net/frequently-asked-questions/|access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref> Cells can be stored for an extended amount of time in this state, reducing the rate of degradation of cellular material.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Freezing== |
==Freezing== |
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The general freezing process for mammalian cells involves suspending a small density of the cells of interest in a solution of cryopreservation agents in a cryovial and freezing the cells to a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius. A slow freezing rate is important to maintaining the health of the cell culture. Freezing the cells at a rate of -1 to -3 degrees Celsius per minute is generally acceptable in maintaining cell culture health.<ref name=":1">7.1-7.4." Fundamental Techniques in Cell Culture Laboratory Handbook – 2nd Edition. N.p.: Health Protection Agency, n.d. 20-23''. Public Health England.'' Web. 24 Jan. 2017.</ref> Freezing too quickly risks damaging the cells.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cryopreservation: Technologies, Applications and Risks/Outcomes|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/17981/3/Coopman%20final%20with%20refs.pdf|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|pages= |
The general freezing process for mammalian cells involves suspending a small density of the cells of interest in a solution of cryopreservation agents in a cryovial and freezing the cells to a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius. A slow freezing rate is important to maintaining the health of the cell culture. Freezing the cells at a rate of -1 to -3 degrees Celsius per minute is generally acceptable in maintaining cell culture health.<ref name=":1">7.1-7.4." Fundamental Techniques in Cell Culture Laboratory Handbook – 2nd Edition. N.p.: Health Protection Agency, n.d. 20-23''. Public Health England.'' Web. 24 Jan. 2017.</ref> Freezing too quickly risks damaging the cells.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cryopreservation: Technologies, Applications and Risks/Outcomes|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/17981/3/Coopman%20final%20with%20refs.pdf|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|pages=91–108|last1=Coopman|first1=K|date=2013}}</ref> At a freezing rate of -5 degrees Celsius per minute, significant decreases of the thawed cell culture is observed. Even more pronounced decreases in cell culture health is observed at faster freezing rates, to the point that the cell culture cannot maintain a cell density.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Thirumala|first=Sreedhar|last2=Goebel|first2=W. Scott|last3=Woods|first3=Erik J.|date=2013-05-01|title=Manufacturing and banking of mesenchymal stem cells|journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy|volume=13|issue=5|pages=673–691|doi=10.1517/14712598.2013.763925|issn=1471-2598|pmid=23339745}}</ref> The use of cryopreservation agents is also key to the freezing process. A common cryoprotection agent used is 10% solution of DMSO, which acts to protect the cells from the rupturing caused by ice crystals during freezing and during thawing. DMSO has been observed agent to be toxic to cells, and requires dilution after the cells are thawed.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==Thawing== |
==Thawing== |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Originally, scientists kept collections of cellular material for their own use, but not for the scientific community at large. The first person accredited with making a cell bank for widespread use was Kral, a [[Czechoslovakian]] scientist who created his cell bank collection in the late 1890s.<ref name="Hug">{{cite book |title=Translational Stem Cell Research: Issues Beyond the Debate on the Moral Status of the Human Embryo |last=Hug |first=Kristina |authorlink= |year=2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location= |isbn= |
Originally, scientists kept collections of cellular material for their own use, but not for the scientific community at large. The first person accredited with making a cell bank for widespread use was Kral, a [[Czechoslovakian]] scientist who created his cell bank collection in the late 1890s.<ref name="Hug">{{cite book |title=Translational Stem Cell Research: Issues Beyond the Debate on the Moral Status of the Human Embryo |last=Hug |first=Kristina |authorlink= |year=2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location= |isbn= 9781607619598|pages=225–237 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=955hap0emMUC&pg=PA226&dq=%22cell+bank%22#v=onepage&q=%22cell%20bank%22&f=false |accessdate=August 16, 2011}}</ref> |
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Currently, there are a large number of "culture collections and bioresource centers" that serve an individual part of the process of [[bioengineering]]. Some examples of these include the [[World Federation for Culture Collections]] and the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories.<ref name="Hug"/> In January 2003, the [[UK Stem Cell Bank]] was established to serve as a central unit for specimen collection and human testing.<ref>{{cite book |title=Stem Cell Wars: Inside Stories from the Frontlines |last=Herold |first=Eve |authorlink= |author2=Daley, George |year=2007 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location= |isbn= |page=205 |
Currently, there are a large number of "culture collections and bioresource centers" that serve an individual part of the process of [[bioengineering]]. Some examples of these include the [[World Federation for Culture Collections]] and the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories.<ref name="Hug"/> In January 2003, the [[UK Stem Cell Bank]] was established to serve as a central unit for specimen collection and human testing.<ref>{{cite book |title=Stem Cell Wars: Inside Stories from the Frontlines |last=Herold |first=Eve |authorlink= |author2=Daley, George |year=2007 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location= |isbn= 9781403984999|page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tBQgMTqIseQC&pg=PA205&dq=%22stem+cell+bank%22#v=onepage&q=%22stem%20cell%20bank%22&f=false |accessdate=August 16, 2011}}</ref> The National Stem Cell Bank was established in October 2005 in [[Madison, Wisconsin]] in order to serve as a repository specifically for stem cell lines. It currently hosts 13 of the 21 stem cell lines that exist in the world and are listed on the Stem Cell Registry hosted by the [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of stem cell research, Volume 2 |last=Svendsen |first=Clive |authorlink= |author2=Ebert, Allison D. |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location= |isbn= 9781412959087|pages=369–370 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=UhvtbMmxXeAC&pg=PA370&dq=%22stem+cell+bank%22#v=onepage&q=%22stem%20cell%20bank%22&f=false |accessdate=August 16, 2011}}</ref> |
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In 1987, the [[World Health Organization]] established a reference cell bank to provide a resource for the development of vaccines and other biological medicines. Another reference cell bank was established by the World Health Organization in 2007 as a result of stability issues with [[MRC-5]] cells.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/biologicals/areas/vaccines/WHO_reference_cell_banks/en/|title=WHO {{!}} WHO Reference Cell Banks (RCBs)|website=www.who.int|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> |
In 1987, the [[World Health Organization]] established a reference cell bank to provide a resource for the development of vaccines and other biological medicines. Another reference cell bank was established by the World Health Organization in 2007 as a result of stability issues with [[MRC-5]] cells.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/biologicals/areas/vaccines/WHO_reference_cell_banks/en/|title=WHO {{!}} WHO Reference Cell Banks (RCBs)|website=www.who.int|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 08:06, 16 March 2019
A cell bank is a facility that stores cells of specific genome for the purpose of future use in a product or medicinal needs. They often contain expansive amounts of base cell material that can be utilized for various projects. Cell banks can be used to generate detailed characterizations of cell lines and can also help mitigate cross-contamination of a cell line.[1] Utilizing cell banks also reduces the cost of cell culture processes, providing a cost-efficient alternative to keeping cells in culture constantly. Cell banks are commonly used within fields including stem cell research and pharmaceuticals, with cryopreservation being the traditional method of keeping cellular material intact.[2] Cell banks also effectively reduce the frequency of a cell sample diversifying from natural cell divisions over time.[3]
Storage
Before putting the donated cell lines into storage, they are first proliferated and multiplied into a large number of identical cells before being stored in a number of cryovials. Along with the cells, cryoprotection agents are also added to the vials to protect the cells from rupturing from ice crystals during the freezing process. 10% DMSO solution is a common cryoprotection agent.[4] These cryovials are then placed into a tray, labeled with the cell line's genetic data, and placed into cryogenic freezers. The freezers contain nitrogen in either liquid or vapor form, and the cells are frozen at a rate of -1 to -3 degrees Celsius per minute until a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius is reached.[2][5] At a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius, metabolic processes within the cells are significantly slowed to stop all cell growth, thus preserving the cell line, which is especially useful when the cell line has a limited number of cell divisions.[6] Cells can be stored for an extended amount of time in this state, reducing the rate of degradation of cellular material.[2]
Freezing
The general freezing process for mammalian cells involves suspending a small density of the cells of interest in a solution of cryopreservation agents in a cryovial and freezing the cells to a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius. A slow freezing rate is important to maintaining the health of the cell culture. Freezing the cells at a rate of -1 to -3 degrees Celsius per minute is generally acceptable in maintaining cell culture health.[7] Freezing too quickly risks damaging the cells.[8] At a freezing rate of -5 degrees Celsius per minute, significant decreases of the thawed cell culture is observed. Even more pronounced decreases in cell culture health is observed at faster freezing rates, to the point that the cell culture cannot maintain a cell density.[9] The use of cryopreservation agents is also key to the freezing process. A common cryoprotection agent used is 10% solution of DMSO, which acts to protect the cells from the rupturing caused by ice crystals during freezing and during thawing. DMSO has been observed agent to be toxic to cells, and requires dilution after the cells are thawed.[7]
Thawing
Rapid thaws are recommend in bringing the cells out of cryopreservation and starting up their normal metabolic processes. Minimizing the exposure of the cryovial and its contents to room, or ambient temperatures is important. Rapid thaws are important to prevent the contents of the vial from melting and refreezing rapidly, which could cause ice crystals to form rupture the cells in the vial. Thaws can be performed in a few minutes within a water bath at a temperature around 37 °C.[7] Experimentation has shown that a slower thaw in a controlled environment such as an incubator can be also be used to safely thaw cryofrozen cells.Thawing in an incubator avoids the risk of contamination involved in thawing in a water bath, however takes a significantly longer amount of time and resources.[9] Post thaw, the cells need to be transferred from the cryovial into another vessel and resuspended in media. By diluting the concentration of the cryoprotection agent present, negative effects such as toxicity from the cryprotection agents on metabolically active cells can be mitigated.[2]
History
Originally, scientists kept collections of cellular material for their own use, but not for the scientific community at large. The first person accredited with making a cell bank for widespread use was Kral, a Czechoslovakian scientist who created his cell bank collection in the late 1890s.[10]
Currently, there are a large number of "culture collections and bioresource centers" that serve an individual part of the process of bioengineering. Some examples of these include the World Federation for Culture Collections and the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories.[10] In January 2003, the UK Stem Cell Bank was established to serve as a central unit for specimen collection and human testing.[11] The National Stem Cell Bank was established in October 2005 in Madison, Wisconsin in order to serve as a repository specifically for stem cell lines. It currently hosts 13 of the 21 stem cell lines that exist in the world and are listed on the Stem Cell Registry hosted by the National Institutes of Health.[12]
In 1987, the World Health Organization established a reference cell bank to provide a resource for the development of vaccines and other biological medicines. Another reference cell bank was established by the World Health Organization in 2007 as a result of stability issues with MRC-5 cells.[13]
See also
References
- ^ Kaufmann, Stefan H.E. (2004). Novel vaccination strategies. Wiley-VCH. p. 283. ISBN 9783527606092. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Harel, Adrian (2013-02-13). "Cryopreservation and Cell Banking for Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies". Cell & Tissue Transplantation & Therapy. 2013 (5): 1. doi:10.4137/CTTT.S11249.
- ^ "Cryogenic Storage of Animal Cells". 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
- ^ De Rosa, Alfredo; De Francesco, Francesco; Tirino, Virginia; Ferraro, Giuseppe A.; Desiderio, Vincenzo; Paino, Francesca; Pirozzi, Giuseppe; D'Andrea, Francesco; Papaccio, Gianpaolo (2009-03-02). "A New Method for Cryopreserving Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: An Attractive and Suitable Large-Scale and Long-Term Cell Banking Technology". Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods. 15 (4): 659–667. doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0674. ISSN 1937-3384. PMID 19254116.
- ^ Behme, Stefan (2009). Manufacturing of pharmaceutical proteins: from technology to economy. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9783527627684. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ Fanelli, Alex. "Cell Banking (MCB, WCB, Cryopreservation)". Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ a b c 7.1-7.4." Fundamental Techniques in Cell Culture Laboratory Handbook – 2nd Edition. N.p.: Health Protection Agency, n.d. 20-23. Public Health England. Web. 24 Jan. 2017.
- ^ Coopman, K (2013). Cryopreservation: Technologies, Applications and Risks/Outcomes (PDF). Nova Science Publishers. pp. 91–108.
- ^ a b Thirumala, Sreedhar; Goebel, W. Scott; Woods, Erik J. (2013-05-01). "Manufacturing and banking of mesenchymal stem cells". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 13 (5): 673–691. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.763925. ISSN 1471-2598. PMID 23339745.
- ^ a b Hug, Kristina (2010). Translational Stem Cell Research: Issues Beyond the Debate on the Moral Status of the Human Embryo. Springer. pp. 225–237. ISBN 9781607619598. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
- ^ Herold, Eve; Daley, George (2007). Stem Cell Wars: Inside Stories from the Frontlines. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 9781403984999. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
- ^ Svendsen, Clive; Ebert, Allison D. (2008). Encyclopedia of stem cell research, Volume 2. SAGE Publications. pp. 369–370. ISBN 9781412959087. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
- ^ "WHO | WHO Reference Cell Banks (RCBs)". www.who.int. Retrieved 2017-04-04.