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{{merge to|Sudan ebolavirus|date=April 2019}}
#REDIRECT [[Sudan ebolavirus]] {{R from merge}}
{{Virusbox
| name = Sudan virus (SUDV)
| parent = Ebolavirus
| species = Sudan ebolavirus
| virus = Sudan virus
}}
'''Sudan virus''' (SUDV) is one of five known viruses within the [[genus]] ''[[Ebolavirus]]'' and causes [[Ebola virus disease]] (EVD) in [[human]]s and other [[primate]]s; it is the sole member of the species ''[[Sudan ebolavirus]]''. SUDV is a [[Select Agent]], [[World Health Organization]] Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring [[Biosafety level|Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment]]), [[National Institutes of Health]]/[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] Category A Priority Pathogen, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] [[Bioterrorism|Category A Bioterrorism Agent]], and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the [[Australia Group]].

The first known outbreak of EVD occurred due to Sudan virus in [[South Sudan]] between June and November 1976, infecting 284 people and killing 151, with the first identifiable case on 27 June 1976.<ref name="who's first encounter">{{cite web|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_247-270.pdf|title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013194802/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_247-270.pdf|archivedate=13 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8
| pmid = 21084112
| last1 = Feldmann | first1 = H.
| last2 = Geisbert | first2 = T. W.
| title = Ebola haemorrhagic fever
| journal = The Lancet
| volume = 377
| issue = 9768
| pages = 849–862
| year = 2011
| pmc=3406178
}}</ref><ref name="Hoenen2012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hoenen T, Groseth A, Feldmann H |title=Current ebola vaccines|journal=Expert Opin Biol Ther|volume=12|issue=7|pages=859–72|date=July 2012|pmid=22559078|pmc=3422127|doi=10.1517/14712598.2012.685152}}</ref>

== Use of term ==
Sudan virus (abbreviated SUDV) was first described in 1977.<ref name=Bowen1977>{{cite journal
|last1=Bowen
|first1=E. T. W.
|last2=Lloyd
|first2=G.
|last3=Harris
|first3=W. J.
|last4=Platt
|first4=G. S.
|last5=Baskerville
|first5=A.
|last6=Vella
|first6=E. E.
|year = 1977
|title = Viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan and northern Zaire, Preliminary studies on the aetiological agent.
|journal = Lancet
|volume = 309
|issue = 8011
|pages = 571–3
|pmid = 65662
|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92001-3
}}</ref> It is the single member of the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|species]] ''[[Sudan ebolavirus]]'', which is included into the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|genus]] ''[[Ebolavirus]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|family]] ''[[Filoviridae]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|order]] ''[[Mononegavirales]]''.<ref name=KuhnArch>{{cite journal
|last1=Kuhn
|first1=Jens H.
|last2=Becker
|first2=Stephan
|last3=Ebihara
|first3=Hideki
|last4=Geisbert
|first4=Thomas W.
|last5=Johnson
|first5=Karl M.
|last6=Kawaoka
|first6=Yoshihiro
|last7=Lipkin
|first7=W. Ian
|last8=Negredo
|first8=Ana I
|last9=Netesov
|first9=Sergey V.
|last10=Nichol
|first10=Stuart T.
|last11=Palacios
|first11=Gustavo
|last12=Peters
|first12=Clarence J.
|last13=Tenorio
|first13=Antonio
|last14=Volchkov
|first14=Viktor E.
|last15=Jahrling
|first15=Peter B.
|year = 2010
|title = Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations
|journal = Archives of Virology
|volume = 155
|issue = 12
|pages = 2083–103
|doi = 10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x
|pmid = 21046175
|pmc=3074192
|display-authors=8
}}</ref> The name Sudan virus is derived from ''South [[Sudan]]'' (where it was first discovered before South Sudan seceded from Sudan<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BbjFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=Nzara,+South+Sudan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8rTkU4vzKsO70QWrnoHQAw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Nzara%2C%20South%20Sudan&f=false Nzara, South Sudan]</ref>) and the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[suffix]] ''virus''. According to the rules for taxon naming established by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] (ICTV), the name Sudan virus is always to be [[Capitalization|capitalized]], but is never [[Italic type|italicized]], and may be [[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] (with SUDV being the official abbreviation).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Previous designations ==
Sudan virus was first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1977.<ref name=Bowen1977/> Sudan virus was described as "Ebola haemorrhagic fever" in a 1978 WHO report describing the 1976 Sudan outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_247-270.pdf |title=Home |accessdate=2015-02-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013194802/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_247-270.pdf |archivedate=13 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2000, it received the designation Sudan Ebola virus<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Netesov
|first1=S. V.
|last2=Feldmann
|first2=H.
|last3=Jahrling
|first3=P. B.
|last4=Klenk
|first4=H. D.
|last5=Sanchez
|first5=A.
|chapter=Family Filoviridae
|year=2000
|editor-last=van Regenmortel
|editor-first=M. H. V.
|editor2-last=Fauquet
|editor2-first=C. M.
|editor3-last=Bishop
|editor3-first=D. H. L.
|editor4-last=Carstens
|editor4-first=E. B.
|editor5-last=Estes
|editor5-first=M. K.
|editor6-last=Lemon
|editor6-first=S. M.
|editor7-last=Maniloff
|editor7-first=J.
|editor8-last=Mayo
|editor8-first=M. A.
|editor9-last=McGeoch
|editor9-first=D. J.
|editor10-last=Pringle
|editor10-first=C. R.
|editor11-last=Wickner
|editor11-first=R. B.
|title=Virus Taxonomy – Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
|pages=539–48
|publisher=Academic Press
|location=San Diego, USA
|isbn=978-0-12-370200-5
|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->&#123;&#123;inconsistent citations&#125;&#125;
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Pringle
|first1=C. R.
|year = 1998
|title = Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998
|journal = Archives of Virology
|volume = 143
|issue = 7
|pages = 1449–59
|pmid = 9742051
|doi=10.1007/s007050050389
}}</ref> and in 2002 the name was changed to Sudan ebolavirus.<ref name=Feldmann2005>{{Cite book|last1=Feldmann
|first1=H.
|last2=Geisbert
|first2=T. W.
|last3=Jahrling
|first3=P. B.
|last4=Klenk
|first4=H.-D.
|last5=Netesov
|first5=S. V.
|last6=Peters
|first6=C. J.
|last7=Sanchez
|first7=A.
|last8=Swanepoel
|first8=R.
|last9=Volchkov
|first9=V. E.
|chapter=Family Filoviridae
|year=2005
|editor-last=Fauquet
|editor-first=C. M.
|editor2-last=Mayo
|editor2-first=M. A.
|editor3-last=Maniloff
|editor3-first=J.
|editor4-last=Desselberger
|editor4-first=U.
|editor5-last=Ball
|editor5-first=L. A.
|title=Virus Taxonomy – Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
|pages=645–653
|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press
|location=San Diego, USA
|isbn=978-0-12-370200-5

|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->&#123;&#123;inconsistent citations&#125;&#125;
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Mayo
|first1=M. A.
|year = 2002
|title = ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot
|journal = Archives of Virology
|volume = 147
|issue = 11
|pages = 2254–60
|doi=10.1007/s007050200052
}}</ref> Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-S (for Ebola virus Sudan) and most recently SEBOV (for Sudan Ebola virus or Sudan ebolavirus). The virus received its final designation in 2010, when it was renamed Sudan virus (SUDV).<ref name=KuhnArch/>

== Virus inclusion criteria ==
A virus of the species ''[[Sudan ebolavirus]]'' is a Sudan virus (SUDV) if it has the properties of [[Sudan ebolavirus]]es and if its [[genome]] diverges from that of the prototype Sudan virus, Sudan virus variant Boniface (SUDV/Bon), by ≤10% at the [[nucleotide]] level.<ref name=KuhnArch/>

== Disease ==
SUDV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes [[Ebola virus disease]] (EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to SUDV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all ebolaviruses is presented together on a separate page (see [[Ebola virus disease]]). In the past, SUDV has caused the following EVD outbreaks:{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ [[Ebola virus disease]] (EVD) outbreaks due to Sudan virus (SUDV) infection
|-
| '''Year'''
| '''Geographic location'''
| '''Human cases/deaths (case-fatality rate)'''
|- valign="TOP"
| 1976
| [[Juba]], [[Maridi]], Nzara, and Tembura, [[South Sudan]]
| 284/151 (53%)
|- valign="TOP"
| 1979
| [[Nzara]], [[South Sudan]]
| 34/22 (65%)
|- valign="TOP"
| 2000–2001
| [[Gulu District|Gulu]], [[Gulu District|Mbarara]], and [[Masindi District]]s, [[Uganda]]
| 425/224 (53%)
|- valign="TOP"
| 2004
| Yambio County, [[South Sudan]]
| 17/7 (41%)
|- valign="TOP"
| 2011
| [[Luweero District]], [[Uganda]]
| 1/1 (100%)
|- valign="TOP"
| 2014
| [[Equateur]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] <ref>{{cite news|title=Ebola outbreak: DR Congo confirms two deaths|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28922290|publisher=BBC|date=2014-08-24}}</ref>
| 0/1 * two strains reported, one Sudan and one Sudan/Zaire Hybrid to 24/08/2014(0%)
|}

== Ecology ==
The ecology of SUDV is currently unclear and no reservoir host has yet been identified. Therefore, it remains unclear how SUDV was repeatedly introduced into human populations. [[Bat]]s are suspected to harbor the virus because infectious [[Marburg virus]] (MARV), a distantly related filovirus, has been isolated from bats,<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Towner | first1 = J. S.
| last2 = Amman | first2 = B. R.
| last3 = Sealy | first3 = T. K.
| last4 = Carroll | first4 = S. A. R.
| last5 = Comer | first5 = J. A.
| last6 = Kemp | first6 = A.
| last7 = Swanepoel | first7 = R.
| last8 = Paddock | first8 = C. D.
| last9 = Balinandi | first9 = S.
| last10 = Khristova | first10 = M. L.
| last11 = Formenty | first11 = P. B.
| last12 = Albarino | first12 = C. G.
| last13 = Miller | first13 = D. M.
| last14 = Reed | first14 = Z. D.
| last15 = Kayiwa | first15 = J. T.
| last16 = Mills | first16 = J. N.
| last17 = Cannon | first17 = D. L.
| last18 = Greer | first18 = P. W.
| last19 = Byaruhanga | first19 = E.
| last20 = Farnon | first20 = E. C.
| last21 = Atimnedi | first21 = P.
| last22 = Okware | first22 = S.
| last23 = Katongole-Mbidde | first23 = E.
| last24 = Downing | first24 = R.
| last25 = Tappero | first25 = J. W.
| last26 = Zaki | first26 = S. R.
| last27 = Ksiazek | first27 = T. G.
| last28 = Nichol | first28 = S. T.
| last29 = Rollin | first29 = P. E.
| editor1-last = Fouchier
| editor1-first = Ron A. M.
| title = Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats
| doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536
| journal = PLoS Pathogens
| volume = 5
| issue = 7
| pages = e1000536
| pmc = 2713404
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19649327
}}</ref> and because traces (but no infectious particles) of the more closely related [[Ebola virus]] (EBOV) were found in bats as well.<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus
| journal = Nature
| volume = 438
| issue = 7068
| pages = 575–576
| year = 2005
| pmid = 16319873 | first10 = R.
| doi = 10.1038/438575a
|bibcode = 2005Natur.438..575L
| last1 = Leroy | first1 = E. M.
| last2 = Kumulungui | first2 = B.
| last10 = Swanepoel
| last3 = Pourrut | first3 = X.
| last4 = Rouquet | first4 = P.
| last5 = Hassanin | first5 = A.
| last6 = Yaba | first6 = P.
| last7 = Délicat | first7 = A.
| last8 = Paweska | first8 = J. T.
| last9 = Gonzalez | first9 = J. P. }}</ref>

== Molecular Biology ==
SUDV is basically uncharacterized on a molecular level. However, its genomic sequence, and with it the [[Genome|genomic]] organization and the conservation of individual [[open reading frame]]s, is similar to that of the other four known ebolaviruses. It is therefore currently assumed that the knowledge obtained for EBOV can be [[Extrapolation|extrapolated]] to SUDV and that all SUDV [[protein]]s behave analogous to those of EBOV.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://talk.ictvonline.org/default.aspx ICTV Files and Discussions – Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]

{{Ebola}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Primate diseases]]
[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]
[[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Ebolaviruses]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Infraspecific virus taxa]]

Latest revision as of 12:30, 15 August 2019

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