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{{merge to|Bundibugyo ebolavirus|date=April 2019}}
#REDIRECT [[Bundibugyo ebolavirus]] {{R from merge}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)
| virus_group = v
| ordo = ''[[Mononegavirales]]''
| familia = ''[[Filoviridae]]''
| genus = ''[[Ebolavirus]]''
| species = ''[[Bundibugyo ebolavirus]]''
}}
'''Bundibugyo virus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|ʊ|n|d|i|ˈ|b|ʊ|dʒ|ɔː}} {{respell|BUUN|dee|BUUJ|aw}};<ref name=KuhnArch/> BDBV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known [[Ebola virus]] (EBOV). BDBV causes severe [[disease]] in [[human]]s and (experimentally) in nonhuman [[primates]], the [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola]] [[viral hemorrhagic fever|hemorrhagic fever]]. BDBV is a [[Select Agent]], [[World Health Organization]] Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring [[Biosafety|Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment]]), [[National Institutes of Health]]/[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] Category A Priority Pathogen, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] [[Bioterrorism|Category A Bioterrorism Agent]], and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the [[Australia Group]].

== Use of term ==
Bundibugyo virus (abbreviated BDBV) was first described in 2008 as a single member of a suggested new [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|species]] ''[[Bundibugyo ebolavirus]]'', which was suggested to be included into the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|genus]] ''[[Ebolavirus]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|family]] ''[[Filoviridae]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|order]] ''[[Mononegavirales]]''.<ref name=Towner2008>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Grunberg | first1 = S. M.
| title = Future directions in the chemotherapy of head and neck cancer
| journal = American Journal of Clinical Oncology
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| pages = 51–54
| year = 1985
| pmid = 2581435
}}</ref> The name Bundibugyo virus is derived from ''Bundibugyo'' (the name of the chief town of the [[Uganda]]n [[Bundibugyo District]], where it was first discovered) and the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[suffix]] ''virus''.<ref name=KuhnArch>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kuhn | first1 = J. H.
| last2 = Becker | first2 = S.
| last3 = Ebihara | first3 = H.
| last4 = Geisbert | first4 = T. W.
| last5 = Johnson | first5 = K. M.
| last6 = Kawaoka | first6 = Y.
| last7 = Lipkin | first7 = W. I.
| last8 = Negredo | first8 = A. I.
| last9 = Netesov | first9 = S. V.
| last10 = Nichol | first10 = S. T.
| last11 = Palacios | first11 = G.
| last12 = Peters | first12 = C. J.
| last13 = Tenorio | first13 = A.
| last14 = Volchkov | first14 = V. E.
| last15 = Jahrling | first15 = P. B.
| title = Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations
| doi = 10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x
| journal = Archives of Virology
| volume = 155
| issue = 12
| pages = 2083–2103
| pmc = 3074192
| year = 2010
| pmid = 21046175
}}</ref>

===Word origin===
According to the rules for taxon naming established by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] (ICTV), the name Bundibugyo virus is always to be [[Capitalization|capitalized]], but is never [[Italic type|italicized]], and may be [[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] (with BDBV being the official abbreviation).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Previous designations ==
Bundibugyo virus was first introduced as Bundibugyo ebolavirus in 2008, albeit without differentiating this name from the suggested species ''Bundibugyo ebolavirus''.<ref name=Towner2008/> Another name introduced at the same time was Uganda ebolavirus.<ref name=Kuhn2008>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kuhn | first1 = J. H.
| title = Filoviruses. A compendium of 40 years of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies
| journal = Archives of Virology. Supplementum
| volume = 20
| pages = 13–360
| year = 2008
| pmid = 18637412
}}</ref> Later publications also referred to the virus as a novel "strain" of [[Ebola virus]]<ref name=Wamala2010>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Wamala | first1 = J. F.
| last2 = Lukwago | first2 = L.
| last3 = Malimbo | first3 = M.
| last4 = Nguku | first4 = P.
| last5 = Yoti | first5 = Z.
| last6 = Musenero | first6 = M.
| last7 = Amone | first7 = J.
| last8 = Mbabazi | first8 = W.
| last9 = Nanyunja | first9 = M.
| last10 = Zaramba
| doi = 10.3201/eid1607.091525 | first10 = S.
| last11 = Opio | first11 = A.
| last12 = Lutwama | first12 = J. J.
| last13 = Talisuna | first13 = A. O.
| last14 = Okware | first14 = S. I.
| title = Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Novel Virus Strain, Uganda, 2007–2008
| journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases
| volume = 16
| issue = 7
| pages = 1087–1092
| year = 2010
| pmid = 20587179
| pmc =3321896
}}</ref> or as Bundibugyo Ebola virus.<ref name=MacNeil2010>{{Cite journal
| last1 = MacNeil | first1 = A.
| last2 = Farnon | first2 = E. C.
| last3 = Wamala | first3 = J.
| last4 = Okware | first4 = S.
| last5 = Cannon | first5 = D. L.
| last6 = Reed | first6 = Z.
| last7 = Towner | first7 = J. S.
| last8 = Tappero | first8 = J. W.
| last9 = Lutwama | first9 = J.
| doi = 10.3201/eid1612.100627
| last10 = Downing | first10 = R.
| last11 = Nichol | first11 = S. T.
| last12 = Ksiazek | first12 = T. G.
| last13 = Rollin | first13 = P. E.
| title = Proportion of Deaths and Clinical Features in Bundibugyo Ebola Virus Infection, Uganda
| journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases
| volume = 16
| issue = 12
| pages = 1969–1972
| year = 2010
| pmid = 21122234
| pmc =3294552
}}</ref> The abbreviations BEBOV (for Bundibugyo ebolavirus) and UEBOV (for Uganda ebolavirus)<ref name=Kuhn2008/> were briefly used before BDBV was established as the abbreviation for Bundibugyo virus.<ref name=KuhnArch/>

== Virus inclusion criteria ==
A virus of the species ''[[Bundibugyo ebolavirus]]'' is a Bundibugyo virus if it has the properties of [[Bundibugyo ebolavirus]]es and if its [[genome]] diverges from that of the prototype Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Bundibugyo virus variant #811250 (BDBV/#811250), by ≤10% at the [[nucleotide]] level.<ref name=KuhnArch/>

== Disease ==
BDBV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes [[Ebola virus disease]] (EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to BDBV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone,<ref name=Wamala2010/><ref name=MacNeil2010/> which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all ebolaviruses is presented together on a separate page (see [[Ebola virus disease]]). BDBV made its first appearance on August 1 of 2007, when a [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] outbreak began in the Bundibugyo and Kikyo townships of [[Bundibugyo District]] in western [[Uganda]]. Blood samples from suspect cases were sent to the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], where the presence of an ebolavirus was confirmed on November 29, 2007. In depth analysis revealed that the present ebolavirus was a relative, but not identical, to the other four ebolaviruses known at the time.<ref name=Towner2008/><ref name=Wamala2010/> The outbreak was declared over on February 20, 2008.<ref name=Wamala2010/>

A second outbreak was reported by the [[WHO]] August 17, 2012 suspected to have infected 15 and killed 10 including 3 health care workers in Isiro, Pawa and Dungu, Province Orientale, DRC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/3665-ebola-outbreak-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-update-20-august-2012.html# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804151939/http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/3665-ebola-outbreak-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-update-20-august-2012.html# |archive-date=2014-08-04 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> 2 of the cases have been confirmed to be BDBV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_08_18/en/index.html|title=WHO - Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo|author=|date=|website=www.who.int|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> It is reported that bushmeat was the source.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208240611.html|title=Congo-Kinshasa: Bushmeat Blamed for Ebola Outbreak|author=|date=24 August 2012|accessdate=20 April 2018|via=AllAfrica}}</ref> By Sept 3, the [[WHO]] reported that the number of cases had risen to 28, with 8 confirmed, 6 probable and 14 suspected, including 14 deaths,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_09_05/en/index.html|title=WHO - Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo – update|author=|date=|website=www.who.int|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> and as of 12 September, it had spread to Viadana and a total of "41 cases (9 laboratory confirmed, and 32 probable) have been reported from Haut-Uélé district in Province Orientale. Of these cases, 18 have been fatal. (5 confirmed and 13 probable). 18 healthcare workers are included among the probable cases. 28 suspected cases have also been reported and are being investigated.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_09_14/en/|title=WHO - Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo – update|author=|date=|website=www.who.int|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> In a press release, the Democratic Republic of Congo announced a final tally of 77 cases (36 confirmed, 17 probable and 24 suspect) with 36 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/outbreaks.html#nov-2012-congo|title=Outbreak Postings|author=Centers For Disease Control|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|accessdate=2014-07-11}}</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ [[Ebola virus disease]] (EVD) outbreaks due to Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) infection
|-
| '''Year'''
| '''Geographic location'''
| '''Human cases/deaths (case-fatality rate)'''
|- valign="TOP"
| 2007–2008
| [[Bundibugyo District]], [[Uganda]]
| 149/37 (25%)
|- valign="TOP"
| 2012
| [[Province Orientale]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC]]
| 57/29 (51%)
|}

== Ecology ==
The ecology of BDBV is currently unclear and no reservoir host has yet been identified. Therefore, it remains unclear how BDBV was introduced into the human population. [[Bat]]s are suspected to harbor the virus because infectious [[Marburg virus]] (MARV) and [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV), two distantly related filoviruses, have been isolated from bats,<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Towner | first1 = J. S.
| last2 = Amman | first2 = B. R.
| last3 = Sealy | first3 = T. K.
| last4 = Carroll | first4 = S. A. R.
| last5 = Comer | first5 = J. A.
| last6 = Kemp | first6 = A.
| last7 = Swanepoel | first7 = R.
| last8 = Paddock | first8 = C. D.
| last9 = Balinandi | first9 = S.
| last10 = Khristova | first10 = M. L.
| last11 = Formenty | first11 = P. B.
| last12 = Albarino | first12 = C. G.
| last13 = Miller | first13 = D. M.
| last14 = Reed | first14 = Z. D.
| last15 = Kayiwa | first15 = J. T.
| last16 = Mills | first16 = J. N.
| last17 = Cannon | first17 = D. L.
| last18 = Greer | first18 = P. W.
| last19 = Byaruhanga | first19 = E.
| last20 = Farnon | first20 = E. C.
| last21 = Atimnedi | first21 = P.
| last22 = Okware | first22 = S.
| last23 = Katongole-Mbidde | first23 = E.
| last24 = Downing | first24 = R.
| last25 = Tappero | first25 = J. W.
| last26 = Zaki | first26 = S. R.
| last27 = Ksiazek | first27 = T. G.
| last28 = Nichol | first28 = S. T.
| last29 = Rollin | first29 = P. E.
| editor1-last = Fouchier
| editor1-first = Ron A. M.
| title = Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats
| doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536
| journal = PLoS Pathogens
| volume = 5
| issue = 7
| pages = e1000536
| pmc = 2713404
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19649327
}}</ref> and because traces (but no infectious particles) of the more closely related [[Ebola virus]] (EBOV) were found in bats as well.<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus
| journal = Nature
| volume = 438
| issue = 7068
| pages = 575–576
| year = 2005
| pmid = 16319873 | first10 = R.
| doi = 10.1038/438575a
|bibcode = 2005Natur.438..575L
| last1 = Leroy | first1 = E. M.
| last2 = Kumulungui | first2 = B.
| last10 = Swanepoel
| last3 = Pourrut | first3 = X.
| last4 = Rouquet | first4 = P.
| last5 = Hassanin | first5 = A.
| last6 = Yaba | first6 = P.
| last7 = Délicat | first7 = A.
| last8 = Paweska | first8 = J. T.
| last9 = Gonzalez | first9 = J. P. }}</ref>

== Molecular Biology ==
BDBV is basically uncharacterized on a molecular level. However, its genomic sequence, and with it the [[Genome|genomic]] organization and the conservation of individual [[open reading frame]]s, is similar to that of the other four known ebolaviruses (58-61% nucleotide similarity).<ref name=Towner2008/> It is therefore currently assumed that the knowledge obtained for EBOV can be [[Extrapolation|extrapolated]] to BDBV and that all BDBV [[protein]]s are analogs of those of EBOV.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Patent ==
A United States patent with multinational collaborative recognition was applied for on 10/26/2009, and published 10/4/2012, for the rights to BDBV.<ref name=patent>Towner, Jonathan S., Stuart T. Nichol, James A. Comer, Thomas G. Ksiazek, and Pierre E. Rollin. Human Ebola Virus Species and Compositions and Methods Thereof. The Government of the US as Represented by the Secretary of the Dept. of Health, Atlanta, GA, assignee. Patent US 2012/0251502 A1. 4 Oct. 2012. Print.</ref> The patent is listed under six different numbers, including one assigned a US appellation, as well as one Canadian (CA), two European Patent Office (EP), and two World Intellectual Property Organization (WO) designations.

* [http://www.google.com/patents/US20120251502 US 20120251502 A1]
* [http://www.google.com/patents/CA2741523A1 CA 2741523 A1]
* [http://www.google.com/patents/EP2350270A2 EP 2350270 A2]
* [http://www.google.com/patents/EP2350270A4 EP 2350270 A4]
* [http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010048615A2 WO 2010048615 A2]
* [http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010048615A3 WO 2010048615 A3]

It is openly noted in the Deposit Statement of the patent application (Section [0002]) that the virus sample was deposited to the CDC in Atlanta, GA, on November 26, 2007, ''not'' to an International Depository Authority (IDA), which was the accepted method as established under the [[Budapest Treaty|Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for Purposes of Patent Procedure]].<ref name=patent /> According to the same section, the “deposited organism” was also admittedly, “not acceptable by [[ATCC (company)|American Type Culture Collection]].” This sample was painstakingly researched, and led to the patent application.<ref name=patent />

Section [0037] of the patent explains its purpose as having “utility in design of diagnostic assays to monitor Ebola HF [Hemorrhagic Fever] disease in humans and animals, and develop effective antivirals and vaccines.”<ref name=patent /> Further, to avoid limiting the extent and reach of the patent, Section [0036] states that:

:''It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of :course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein :is for the purpose of describing particular :embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.<ref name=patent />''

The patent was published before the US Supreme Court ruled that natural material could not be patented as being an invention (as dictated in the 2013 trial: “[[Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics|Association for Molecular Pathology, et al., v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al.]];” argued 04/15/2013 and decided 06/13/2013), but synthetic copies of natural materials ''could'' be patented and protected. If and/or how this ruling has affected the patent for the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola is unclear.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://talk.ictvonline.org/default.aspx ICTV Files and Discussions - Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]

{{Ebola|state=expanded}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4997537}}

[[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Ebolaviruses]]
[[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]]

Latest revision as of 12:48, 16 August 2019

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