Syzygites: Difference between revisions

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''Syzygites'' is a [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[genus]] in [[Zygomycota]]. The sole described species is '''''Syzygites megalocarpus''''', which was the first fungus for which sex was reported and the main [[Homothallism|homothallic]] representative in the research that allowed for the classification of fungi as homothallic or [[Heterothallism|heterothallic]]. It is also the fungus from which the term "[[zygospore]]" was coined.<ref name=Idnurm>{{cite journal |last1=Idnurm |first1=Alexander |date=2011 |title= Sex determination in the first-described sexual fungus |journal=Eukaryotic Cell |volume=10 |pages=1485–1491}}</ref>
''Syzygites'' is a [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[genus]] in [[Zygomycota]]. The sole described species is '''''Syzygites megalocarpus''''', which was the first fungus for which sex was reported and the main [[Homothallism|homothallic]] representative in the research that allowed for the classification of fungi as homothallic or [[Heterothallism|heterothallic]]. It is also the fungus from which the term "[[zygospore]]" was coined.<ref name=Idnurm>{{cite journal |last1=Idnurm |first1=Alexander |date=2011 |title= Sex determination in the first-described sexual fungus |journal=Eukaryotic Cell |volume=10 |pages=1485–1491 |doi=10.1128/ec.05149-11}}</ref>


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
''Syzygites megalocarpus'' produces [[Phototropism|phototropic]], repeatedly dichotomously branched sporangiophores that terminate in globose, apophysate sporangia.<ref name=Hesseltine >{{cite journal |last1=Hesseltine |first1=C.W. |date=1957 |title=The genus ''Syzygites'' (Mucoraceae) |journal=Lloydia |volume=20 |pages=228–237}}</ref> Sporangiospores have a spinose wall, which is rare in Mucorales.<ref name=Alexopoulos>{{cite book |author1=Alexopoulos CJ. |author2=Mims SW. |author3=Blackwell M. |title=Introductory Mycology |year=1996 |edition= fourth |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |pages=161–162}}</ref> Zygospores are pigmented and ornamented and produced on equally sized suspendors. Due to the presence of [[carotenoid]]s, the myceliuem can appear yellowish, though mature sporangia darken giving it a brownish appearance.<ref name=Syzygites/><ref name=Kovacs_thesis >{{cite thesis |last=Kovacs |first=Robert Lewis |date=1995 |title=''Syzygites megalocarpus'' (Mucoraceae, Mucorales, Zygomycetes) and its host-parasite association in the contiguous United States |type=Masters of Science |publisher=Southern Illinois University}}</ref><ref name=Wenger>{{cite journal|last1=Wenger |first1=Carlton Jay |last2=Lilly |first2= Virgil Greene |date=1966 |title= The effects of light on carotenogenesis, growth, and sporulation of ''Syzygites megalocarpus'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=58 |pages= 671–680}}</ref>
''Syzygites megalocarpus'' produces [[Phototropism|phototropic]], repeatedly dichotomously branched sporangiophores that terminate in globose, apophysate sporangia.<ref name=Hesseltine >{{cite journal |last1=Hesseltine |first1=C.W. |date=1957 |title=The genus ''Syzygites'' (Mucoraceae) |journal=Lloydia |volume=20 |pages=228–237}}</ref> Sporangiospores have a spinose wall, which is rare in Mucorales.<ref name=Alexopoulos>{{cite book |author1=Alexopoulos CJ. |author2=Mims SW. |author3=Blackwell M. |title=Introductory Mycology |year=1996 |edition= fourth |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |pages=161–162}}</ref> Zygospores are pigmented and ornamented and produced on equally sized suspendors. Due to the presence of [[carotenoid]]s, the myceliuem can appear yellowish, though mature sporangia darken giving it a brownish appearance.<ref name=Syzygites/><ref name=Kovacs_thesis >{{cite thesis |last=Kovacs |first=Robert Lewis |date=1995 |title=''Syzygites megalocarpus'' (Mucoraceae, Mucorales, Zygomycetes) and its host-parasite association in the contiguous United States |type=Masters of Science |publisher=Southern Illinois University}}</ref><ref name=Wenger>{{cite journal|last1=Wenger |first1=Carlton Jay |last2=Lilly |first2= Virgil Greene |date=1966 |title= The effects of light on carotenogenesis, growth, and sporulation of ''Syzygites megalocarpus'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=58 |pages= 671–680 |doi=10.2307/3756842}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Ehrenberg described ''Syzygites megalocarpus'' in 1818 based on its zygospores and provided illustrations for the fungus in 1829. In 1824, Link described ''Sporodinia grandis'' based on the asexual state of ''Syzygites megalocarpus''. In 1832, Fries considered ''S. megalocarpus'' and ''S. grandis'' to be the same species, though this was not observed until 1855 by Tulasne. Hesseltine summarized the taxonomy of the genus in his 1957 monograph and synonymized 14 species with ''Syzygites megalocarpus''.<ref name=Hesseltine/><ref name=Kovacs_thesis/> In a molecular phylogeny, ''Syzygites megalocarpus'' is placed sister to ''Sporodinella umbellata'', albeit in a clade with ''[[Rhizopus]]''.<ref name=Mucorales>{{cite journal |last1=Walther |first1=G. |last2=Pawlowska |first2=J. |last3= Alastruey-Izquierdo |first3=A. |last4= Wrzosek |first4= M. |last5=Rodriguez-Tudela |first5=J. L. |last6=Dolatabadi |first6=S. |last7=Chakrabarti |first7=A. |last8=de Hoog |first8=G.S. |date=2013 |title=DNA barcoding in ''Mucorales'': an inventory of biodiversity |journal=Persoonia |volume=30 |pages=11–47}}</ref>
Ehrenberg described ''Syzygites megalocarpus'' in 1818 based on its zygospores and provided illustrations for the fungus in 1829. In 1824, Link described ''Sporodinia grandis'' based on the asexual state of ''Syzygites megalocarpus''. In 1832, Fries considered ''S. megalocarpus'' and ''S. grandis'' to be the same species, though this was not observed until 1855 by Tulasne. Hesseltine summarized the taxonomy of the genus in his 1957 monograph and synonymized 14 species with ''Syzygites megalocarpus''.<ref name=Hesseltine/><ref name=Kovacs_thesis/> In a molecular phylogeny, ''Syzygites megalocarpus'' is placed sister to ''Sporodinella umbellata'', albeit in a clade with ''[[Rhizopus]]''.<ref name=Mucorales>{{cite journal |last1=Walther |first1=G. |last2=Pawlowska |first2=J. |last3= Alastruey-Izquierdo |first3=A. |last4= Wrzosek |first4= M. |last5=Rodriguez-Tudela |first5=J. L. |last6=Dolatabadi |first6=S. |last7=Chakrabarti |first7=A. |last8=de Hoog |first8=G.S. |date=2013 |title=DNA barcoding in ''Mucorales'': an inventory of biodiversity |journal=Persoonia |volume=30 |pages=11–47 |doi=10.3767/003158513x665070}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:59, 29 September 2019

Syzygites
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Mucoromycota
Order: Mucorales
Family: Mucoraceae
Genus: Syzygites
Ehrenb.
Species:
S. megalocarpus
Binomial name
Syzygites megalocarpus
Ehrenb.
Synonyms[1]
  • Syzygites Ehrenberg (1818)
  • Sporodinia Link (1824)
  • Azygites Moug. & Fr. (1825)

Syzygites is a monotypic genus in Zygomycota. The sole described species is Syzygites megalocarpus, which was the first fungus for which sex was reported and the main homothallic representative in the research that allowed for the classification of fungi as homothallic or heterothallic. It is also the fungus from which the term "zygospore" was coined.[2]

Morphology

Syzygites megalocarpus produces phototropic, repeatedly dichotomously branched sporangiophores that terminate in globose, apophysate sporangia.[3] Sporangiospores have a spinose wall, which is rare in Mucorales.[4] Zygospores are pigmented and ornamented and produced on equally sized suspendors. Due to the presence of carotenoids, the myceliuem can appear yellowish, though mature sporangia darken giving it a brownish appearance.[1][5][6]

Ecology

S. megalocarpus is a necrotrophic parasite of mushrooms in temperate regions,[4] though there are reports of it from ascomycetes.[1] It can parasitize at least 98 different species and is itself parasitized by Piptocephalis virginiana. Syzygites megalocarpus is likely a faculative parasite as it can be grown on a variety of media, including bread, in the laboratory. Development of asexual sporangia and zygospores are highly dependent upon environmental conditions. In the laboratory, growth occurs between 5-30 degrees Celsius. Alternating light and dark increases the formation of sporangiophores and continual darkness increases the production of zygospores. Lower temperatures favor zygospore formation and higher temperatures favor sporangiophore production. Media with high quality carbon sources favors formation of zygospores, while media with high nitrogen favors formation of sporangiophores. High humidity increases zygospore formation and low humidity increases sporangiophore formation.[5]

Sexuality

Syzygites megalocarpus is a homothallic fungus, which means each individual contains both mating loci and can therefore self-fertilize to form zygospores. The genes are sexM and sexP, which are members of the high-mobility group gene family. As in other members of Mucorales, these genes are flanked by an RNA helicase and glutathione oxidoreductase.[2]

Taxonomy

Ehrenberg described Syzygites megalocarpus in 1818 based on its zygospores and provided illustrations for the fungus in 1829. In 1824, Link described Sporodinia grandis based on the asexual state of Syzygites megalocarpus. In 1832, Fries considered S. megalocarpus and S. grandis to be the same species, though this was not observed until 1855 by Tulasne. Hesseltine summarized the taxonomy of the genus in his 1957 monograph and synonymized 14 species with Syzygites megalocarpus.[3][5] In a molecular phylogeny, Syzygites megalocarpus is placed sister to Sporodinella umbellata, albeit in a clade with Rhizopus.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Zoophagus". Gerald L. Benny. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  2. ^ a b Idnurm, Alexander (2011). "Sex determination in the first-described sexual fungus". Eukaryotic Cell. 10: 1485–1491. doi:10.1128/ec.05149-11.
  3. ^ a b Hesseltine, C.W. (1957). "The genus Syzygites (Mucoraceae)". Lloydia. 20: 228–237.
  4. ^ a b Alexopoulos CJ.; Mims SW.; Blackwell M. (1996). Introductory Mycology (fourth ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 161–162.
  5. ^ a b c Kovacs, Robert Lewis (1995). Syzygites megalocarpus (Mucoraceae, Mucorales, Zygomycetes) and its host-parasite association in the contiguous United States (Masters of Science). Southern Illinois University.
  6. ^ Wenger, Carlton Jay; Lilly, Virgil Greene (1966). "The effects of light on carotenogenesis, growth, and sporulation of Syzygites megalocarpus". Mycologia. 58: 671–680. doi:10.2307/3756842.
  7. ^ Walther, G.; Pawlowska, J.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.; Wrzosek, M.; Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L.; Dolatabadi, S.; Chakrabarti, A.; de Hoog, G.S. (2013). "DNA barcoding in Mucorales: an inventory of biodiversity". Persoonia. 30: 11–47. doi:10.3767/003158513x665070.
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