Bactrocera dorsalis: Difference between revisions
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'''''Bactrocera dorsalis''''', previously known as ''Dacus dorsalis'' and commonly referred to as the Oriental fruit fly, is a species of [[Tephritidae|tephritid fruit fly]] that is [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Southeast Asia]]. It has also been introduced to [[Hawaii]], the [[Mariana Islands]], and [[Tahiti]]. It is one of the major pest species in the genus ''Bactrocera'' with a broad [[host range]] of cultivated and wild fruits.<ref> |
'''''Bactrocera dorsalis''''', previously known as ''Dacus dorsalis'' and commonly referred to as the Oriental fruit fly, is a species of [[Tephritidae|tephritid fruit fly]] that is [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Southeast Asia]]. It has also been introduced to [[Hawaii]], the [[Mariana Islands]], and [[Tahiti]]. It is one of the major pest species in the genus ''Bactrocera'' with a broad [[host range]] of cultivated and wild fruits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Drew RA, Raghu S | title = The fruit fly fauna (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the rainforest habitat of the Western Ghats, India | journal = Raffles Bulletin of Zoology | date = December 2002 | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 327–52| url = http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/50/50rbz327-352.pdf }}</ref> |
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It is similar to the closely related species ''[[Bactrocera carambolae|B. carambolae]]'' and ''[[Bactrocera occipitalis|B. occipitalis]]'', and recent scientific evidence showed that ''B. papayae, B. invadens'' and ''B. philippinensis'' belong to the same biological species as ''B. dorsalis''.<ref>Schutze, |
It is similar to the closely related species ''[[Bactrocera carambolae|B. carambolae]]'' and ''[[Bactrocera occipitalis|B. occipitalis]]'', and recent scientific evidence showed that ''B. papayae, B. invadens'' and ''B. philippinensis'' belong to the same biological species as ''B. dorsalis''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schutze MK, Aketarawong N, Amornsak W, Armstrong KF, Augustinos AA, Barr N, Bo W, Bourtzis K, Boykin LM, Caceres C, Cameron SL | display-authors = 6 | title = Synonymization of key pest species within the B actrocera dorsalis species complex (D iptera: T ephritidae): taxonomic changes based on a review of 20 years of integrative morphological, molecular, cytogenetic, behavioural and chemoecological data. | journal = Systematic Entomology | date = April 2015 | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 456–71 | doi = 10.1111/syen.12113 }}</ref> |
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Males of the species respond strongly to methyl eugenol and this is used for monitoring and estimating populations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tan KH, Serit M | title = Adult population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in relation to host phenology and weather in two villages of Penang Island, Malaysia. | journal = Environmental Entomology | date = April 1994 | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–75 | doi = 10.1093/ee/23.2.267 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16336709">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hee AK, Tan KH | title = Bioactive fractions containing methyl eugenol-derived sex pheromonal components in haemolymph of the male fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) | journal = Bulletin of Entomological Research | volume = 95 | issue = 6 | pages = 615–20 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16336709 | doi = |
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Males of the species respond strongly to methyl eugenol and this is used for monitoring and estimating populations.<ref> |
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10.1079/BER2005392 }}</ref> They are also important pollinators/visitors of wild orchids, ''Bulbophyllum cheiri'' and ''Bulbophyllum vinaceum'', in Southeast Asia, which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tan KH, Nishida R, Toong YC | title = Bulbophyllum cheiri’s floral synomone lures fruit flies to perform pollination. | journal = J. Chem. Ecol. | date = 2002 | volume = 28 | pages = 1161–72 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17082990">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tan KH, Tan LT, Nishida R | title = Floral phenylpropanoid cocktail and architecture of Bulbophyllum vinaceum orchid in attracting fruit flies for pollination | journal = Journal of Chemical Ecology | volume = 32 | issue = 11 | pages = 2429–41 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17082990 | doi = 10.1007/s10886-006-9154-4 }}</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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[[File:Bactrocera dorsalis (complex) (06410590) (6922916899).jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|''B. dorsalis'' thorax and abdomen with black and yellow coloring]] |
[[File:Bactrocera dorsalis (complex) (06410590) (6922916899).jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|''B. dorsalis'' thorax and abdomen with black and yellow coloring]] |
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''B. dorsalis'' is a species of tephritid fruit fly: flies that belong to this family are usually small to medium-sized with colorful markings. In particular, ''B. dorsalis'' belongs to a complex of physically similar flies called the ''Bactrocera dorsalis'' complex, whose defining characteristics include a mostly black [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] and dark T-shaped marking on the fly’s abdominal segment. The T-shape is comprised of a dark medial and transverse band along the fly’s [[Abdomen (insect anatomy)|abdomen]].<ref>{{ |
''B. dorsalis'' is a species of tephritid fruit fly: flies that belong to this family are usually small to medium-sized with colorful markings. In particular, ''B. dorsalis'' belongs to a complex of physically similar flies called the ''Bactrocera dorsalis'' complex, whose defining characteristics include a mostly black [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] and dark T-shaped marking on the fly’s abdominal segment. The T-shape is comprised of a dark medial and transverse band along the fly’s [[Abdomen (insect anatomy)|abdomen]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D | title = A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae) | journal = ZooKeys | issue = 540 | pages = 339–67 | date = 2015-11-26 | pmid = 26798267 | pmc = 4714077 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.540.9786 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ''B. dorsalis'' has distinctive yellow and black markings on its thorax and abdomen, which may vary between flies. Two vertical yellow markings on the thorax and the dark T-shaped marking on the abdomen indicate this species of fly from its relatives. The wings are clear with a continuous costal band. The adult fly’s body is about 8.0mm in length, with wings approximately 7.3mm in length. The female adult has a tapered [[ovipositor]] for depositing eggs in host fruits, while in male adults this ovipositor is notably absent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/oriental_fruit_fly.htm|title=oriental fruit fly - Bactrocera dorsalis|website=entnemdept.ufl.edu|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ''B. dorsalis'' has distinctive yellow and black markings on its thorax and abdomen, which may vary between flies. Two vertical yellow markings on the thorax and the dark T-shaped marking on the abdomen indicate this species of fly from its relatives. The wings are clear with a continuous costal band. The adult fly’s body is about 8.0mm in length, with wings approximately 7.3mm in length. The female adult has a tapered [[ovipositor]] for depositing eggs in host fruits, while in male adults this ovipositor is notably absent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/oriental_fruit_fly.htm|title=oriental fruit fly - Bactrocera dorsalis|website=entnemdept.ufl.edu|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref |
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== Distribution == |
== Distribution == |
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Endemic to Southeast Asia, ''B. dorsalis'' is a highly invasive pest species that now has a presence in at least 65 countries. The fly is found in Asia, Hawaii, and some parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Whether the fly is established in contential America is a contested subject, though some studies have included the mainland United States in the fly’s distribution because of reports of the fly in California and Florida.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17685#tosummaryOfInvasiveness|title=Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly)|last=|first=|date=July 9, 2019|website=Invasive Species Compendium|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
Endemic to Southeast Asia, ''B. dorsalis'' is a highly invasive pest species that now has a presence in at least 65 countries. The fly is found in Asia, Hawaii, and some parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Whether the fly is established in contential America is a contested subject, though some studies have included the mainland United States in the fly’s distribution because of reports of the fly in California and Florida.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17685#tosummaryOfInvasiveness|title=Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly)|last=|first=|date=July 9, 2019|website=Invasive Species Compendium|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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=== Pest treatment === |
=== Pest treatment === |
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''B. dorsalis'' has created many agricultural issues for humans, especially in the areas it is endemic. In the Pacific Islands, the fly has “(1) limited the development of a diversified tropical fruit and vegetable industry; (2) required that commercial fruits undergo quarantine treatment prior to export; and (3) provided a breeding reservoir for their introduction into other parts of the world due to unprecedented travel and trade between countries”.<ref name=":5">{{ |
''B. dorsalis'' has created many agricultural issues for humans, especially in the areas it is endemic. In the Pacific Islands, the fly has “(1) limited the development of a diversified tropical fruit and vegetable industry; (2) required that commercial fruits undergo quarantine treatment prior to export; and (3) provided a breeding reservoir for their introduction into other parts of the world due to unprecedented travel and trade between countries”.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vargas RI, Leblanc L, Harris EJ, Manoukis NC | title = Regional Suppression of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Pacific through Biological Control and Prospects for Future Introductions into Other Areas of the World | journal = Insects | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 727–42 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 26466626 | pmc = 4553587 | doi = 10.3390/insects3030727 }}</ref> The Miami-Dade County in Florida had to perform the quarantine technique when the insect was detected in fruits there in August 2015; they were eliminated from the area in February 2016.<ref name=":4" /> |
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To resolve these concerns, several techniques have been implemented: [[sterile insect technique]], protein bait sprays, and male annihilation. In addition to these, Hawaii has developed methods to suppress ''Bactrocera'' species using parasitoid wasps, such as ''Fopius arisanus''. The parasitic wasp oviposits its own eggs into ''B. dorsalis'' eggs, the parasitoids are reared in the host, and the developed parasitoids emerge in the pupal stage. ''F. arisanus'' has been observed to be the most successful example of parasitoid control of ''B. dorsalis'', and researchers are looking to introduce its model of suppression from Hawaii to other areas of the world that the fly affects.<ref name=":5" /> |
To resolve these concerns, several techniques have been implemented: [[sterile insect technique]], protein bait sprays, and male annihilation. In addition to these, Hawaii has developed methods to suppress ''Bactrocera'' species using parasitoid wasps, such as ''Fopius arisanus''. The parasitic wasp oviposits its own eggs into ''B. dorsalis'' eggs, the parasitoids are reared in the host, and the developed parasitoids emerge in the pupal stage. ''F. arisanus'' has been observed to be the most successful example of parasitoid control of ''B. dorsalis'', and researchers are looking to introduce its model of suppression from Hawaii to other areas of the world that the fly affects.<ref name=":5" /> |
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Another simpler but effective technique is [[field sanitation]]: all unmarketable fruits get removed from the fields and disposed as soon as they are observed, so that reinfestation does not occur.<ref name=":3" /> |
Another simpler but effective technique is [[field sanitation]]: all unmarketable fruits get removed from the fields and disposed as soon as they are observed, so that reinfestation does not occur.<ref name=":3" /> |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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===Further reading=== |
=== Further reading === |
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* Allwood, A.J., Chinajariyawong, A., Drew, R.A.I., et al. (1999) Host plant records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in south east Asia. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 7:1-92. |
* Allwood, A.J., Chinajariyawong, A., Drew, R.A.I., et al. (1999) Host plant records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in south east Asia. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 7:1-92. |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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*[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/oriental_fruit_fly.htm oriental fruit fly] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site |
*[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/oriental_fruit_fly.htm oriental fruit fly] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site |
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* [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/oriental-fruit-fly Species Profile- Oriental Fruit Fly (''Bactrocera dorsalis'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Oriental Fruit Fly. |
* [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/oriental-fruit-fly Species Profile- Oriental Fruit Fly (''Bactrocera dorsalis'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Oriental Fruit Fly. |
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Revision as of 19:26, 1 October 2019
| Bactrocera dorsalis | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
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| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
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| Species: | B. dorsalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)
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| Bactrocera dorsalis range | |
| Synonyms | |
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Dacus dorsalis | |
Bactrocera dorsalis, previously known as Dacus dorsalis and commonly referred to as the Oriental fruit fly, is a species of tephritid fruit fly that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It has also been introduced to Hawaii, the Mariana Islands, and Tahiti. It is one of the major pest species in the genus Bactrocera with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits.[1]
It is similar to the closely related species B. carambolae and B. occipitalis, and recent scientific evidence showed that B. papayae, B. invadens and B. philippinensis belong to the same biological species as B. dorsalis.[2]
Males of the species respond strongly to methyl eugenol and this is used for monitoring and estimating populations.[3][4] They are also important pollinators/visitors of wild orchids, Bulbophyllum cheiri and Bulbophyllum vinaceum, in Southeast Asia, which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.[5][6]
Description
_(06410590)_(6922916899).jpg)
B. dorsalis is a species of tephritid fruit fly: flies that belong to this family are usually small to medium-sized with colorful markings. In particular, B. dorsalis belongs to a complex of physically similar flies called the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, whose defining characteristics include a mostly black thorax and dark T-shaped marking on the fly’s abdominal segment. The T-shape is comprised of a dark medial and transverse band along the fly’s abdomen.[7]
B. dorsalis has distinctive yellow and black markings on its thorax and abdomen, which may vary between flies. Two vertical yellow markings on the thorax and the dark T-shaped marking on the abdomen indicate this species of fly from its relatives. The wings are clear with a continuous costal band. The adult fly’s body is about 8.0mm in length, with wings approximately 7.3mm in length. The female adult has a tapered ovipositor for depositing eggs in host fruits, while in male adults this ovipositor is notably absent.[8]
Distribution
Endemic to Southeast Asia, B. dorsalis is a highly invasive pest species that now has a presence in at least 65 countries. The fly is found in Asia, Hawaii, and some parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Whether the fly is established in contential America is a contested subject, though some studies have included the mainland United States in the fly’s distribution because of reports of the fly in California and Florida.[9]
Life history
Eggs
Mated female B. dorsalis puncture the skin of mature fruit and deposit eggs in a few batches of 3-30 eggs underneath a fruit’s skin via ovipositor, depending on the quality and ripeness of the fruit. Eggs usually hatch within a day, although the hatching process can be delayed in cool conditions. Females are capable of laying over 3,000 eggs during their lifetime under optimal conditions, but in field conditions, reports range from about 1,200 to 1,500 eggs laid per female.[8]
Larvae
Eggs hatch to larvae and moult twice (there are three larval instars) while feeding on the flesh of the fruit for about 6-35 days. Larvae are creamy white in color with a maggot-like appearance and are about 10mm in length.[10]
Pupae
The third instar larvae exit the fruit and burrow into the soil under the host plant to pupate. Pupation can take approximately 10-12 days, but depending on the season, this process can be delayed in cooler conditions.[10]
Adults
In a week or two, the adult emerges from the pupae and matures. Most adults emerge from the soil between 7:00AM and 10:00AM. Once sexual maturity is reached (which takes approximately 9 days), adults engage in the mating process and the life cycle repeats. The adult lifespan for B. dorsalis is about 90 days, and the flies have been reported to travel up to 30 miles in search of new egg laying sites and food, such as decaying fruit and plant nectar. Adult females prefer to lay eggs in old egg deposit sites on fruits.[8][9][10][11]
Food resources
B. dorsalis has been seen in more than 200 kinds of fruit and nut plants, but the most commonly attacked by this species are the mango, papaya, and avocado fruits for egg laying. For feeding, adult flies rely on decaying fruit, plant nectar, and other substances during their lifetime to eat and prefer to feed in the morning.[10][12]
Interactions with humans
Agricultural pest
B. dorsalis is not only a highly invasive species, accidentally introduced to Hawaii from Taiwan during the 1940s in World War II, but also very destructive to crop yield for farmers. The larval stage of the life cycle is the most damaging to fruits because of larval feeding on the soft flesh of fruits. After ovipositing occurs by a female fly, the larvae develop under the skin of the fruit or soft tissues of the plant and begin to feed on the fruit or plant’s flesh. Once feeding occurs, other microorganisms can invade the site of larval feeding and cause the fruit to decay faster. Although ripe fruits are believed to be preferred for ovipositing, unripe fruits have served as hosts for eggs as well.[12]
The insect was eliminated from Miami-Dade County in Florida in February 2016, where it was detected in August 2015.[13]
Pest treatment
B. dorsalis has created many agricultural issues for humans, especially in the areas it is endemic. In the Pacific Islands, the fly has “(1) limited the development of a diversified tropical fruit and vegetable industry; (2) required that commercial fruits undergo quarantine treatment prior to export; and (3) provided a breeding reservoir for their introduction into other parts of the world due to unprecedented travel and trade between countries”.[14] The Miami-Dade County in Florida had to perform the quarantine technique when the insect was detected in fruits there in August 2015; they were eliminated from the area in February 2016.[13]
To resolve these concerns, several techniques have been implemented: sterile insect technique, protein bait sprays, and male annihilation. In addition to these, Hawaii has developed methods to suppress Bactrocera species using parasitoid wasps, such as Fopius arisanus. The parasitic wasp oviposits its own eggs into B. dorsalis eggs, the parasitoids are reared in the host, and the developed parasitoids emerge in the pupal stage. F. arisanus has been observed to be the most successful example of parasitoid control of B. dorsalis, and researchers are looking to introduce its model of suppression from Hawaii to other areas of the world that the fly affects.[14]
Another simpler but effective technique is field sanitation: all unmarketable fruits get removed from the fields and disposed as soon as they are observed, so that reinfestation does not occur.[12]
References
- ^ Drew RA, Raghu S (December 2002). "The fruit fly fauna (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the rainforest habitat of the Western Ghats, India" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 50 (2): 327–52.
- ^ Schutze MK, Aketarawong N, Amornsak W, Armstrong KF, Augustinos AA, Barr N, et al. (April 2015). "Synonymization of key pest species within the B actrocera dorsalis species complex (D iptera: T ephritidae): taxonomic changes based on a review of 20 years of integrative morphological, molecular, cytogenetic, behavioural and chemoecological data". Systematic Entomology. 40 (2): 456–71. doi:10.1111/syen.12113.
- ^ Tan KH, Serit M (April 1994). "Adult population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in relation to host phenology and weather in two villages of Penang Island, Malaysia". Environmental Entomology. 23 (2): 267–75. doi:10.1093/ee/23.2.267.
- ^ Hee AK, Tan KH (December 2005). "Bioactive fractions containing methyl eugenol-derived sex pheromonal components in haemolymph of the male fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 95 (6): 615–20. doi:10.1079/BER2005392. PMID 16336709.
- ^ Tan KH, Nishida R, Toong YC (2002). "Bulbophyllum cheiri's floral synomone lures fruit flies to perform pollination". J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 1161–72.
- ^ Tan KH, Tan LT, Nishida R (November 2006). "Floral phenylpropanoid cocktail and architecture of Bulbophyllum vinaceum orchid in attracting fruit flies for pollination". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 32 (11): 2429–41. doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9154-4. PMID 17082990.
- ^ Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015-11-26). "A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae)". ZooKeys (540): 339–67. doi:10.3897/zookeys.540.9786. PMC 4714077. PMID 26798267.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c "oriental fruit fly - Bactrocera dorsalis". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
- ^ a b "Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly)". Invasive Species Compendium. July 9, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d "details". www.tsusinvasives.org. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
- ^ Vargas, Roger I.; Walsh, William A.; Kanehisa, Dale; Jang, Eric B.; Armstrong, John W. (1997-03-01). "Demography of Four Hawaiian Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Reared at Five Constant Temperatures". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 90 (2): 162–168. doi:10.1093/aesa/90.2.162. ISSN 0013-8746.
- ^ a b c "Bactrocera dorsalis". www.extento.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
- ^ a b "Florida Says Its Fruits, Vegetables Are Safe from Invasive Fruit Fly".
- ^ a b Vargas RI, Leblanc L, Harris EJ, Manoukis NC (August 2012). "Regional Suppression of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Pacific through Biological Control and Prospects for Future Introductions into Other Areas of the World". Insects. 3 (3): 727–42. doi:10.3390/insects3030727. PMC 4553587. PMID 26466626.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Further reading
- Allwood, A.J., Chinajariyawong, A., Drew, R.A.I., et al. (1999) Host plant records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in south east Asia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 7:1-92.
External links
- oriental fruit fly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Species Profile- Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Oriental Fruit Fly.