DNA digital data storage: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
moved in-line external links to citations
added recent review articles; and pros and cons to lead
Line 1: Line 1:
'''DNA digital data storage''' is the process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of [[DNA]].<ref name="pmid31068682">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ceze L, Nivala J, Strauss K | title = Molecular digital data storage using DNA | journal = Nature Reviews. Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 456–466 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31068682 | doi = 10.1038/s41576-019-0125-3 }}</ref><ref name="pmid30073589">{{cite journal | vauthors = Akram F, Haq IU, Ali H, Laghari AT | title = Trends to store digital data in DNA: an overview | journal = Molecular Biology Reports | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 1479–1490 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30073589 | doi = 10.1007/s11033-018-4280-y }}</ref>
'''DNA digital data storage''' is the process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of DNA. DNA molecules are the genetic blueprints for living cells and organisms.

While DNA as a storage medium has enormous potential because of its high storage density, it practical use is severely limited because of its high cost and very slow read and write times.<ref name="pmid29744271">{{cite journal | vauthors = Panda D, Molla KA, Baig MJ, Swain A, Behera D, Dash M | title = DNA as a digital information storage device: hope or hype? | journal = 3 Biotech | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 239 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29744271 | pmc = 5935598 | doi = 10.1007/s13205-018-1246-7 | url = }}</ref>


In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of [[Wikipedia]] have been encoded into [[synthetic DNA]].<ref name="CNET-20190629" />
In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of [[Wikipedia]] have been encoded into [[synthetic DNA]].<ref name="CNET-20190629" />

Revision as of 20:04, 5 October 2019

DNA digital data storage is the process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of DNA.[1][2]

While DNA as a storage medium has enormous potential because of its high storage density, it practical use is severely limited because of its high cost and very slow read and write times.[3]

In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of Wikipedia have been encoded into synthetic DNA.[4]

History

The idea of DNA digital data storage dates back to 1959, when the physicist Richard P. Feynman.[5] An Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics" outlined the general prospects for the creation of artificial objects similar to objects of the microcosm (including biological) and having similar or even more extensive capabilities. In 1964-65 Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman, the Soviet physicist, published 3 articles[6] in the journal “Radiotekhnika” about microminiaturization in electronics at the molecular-atomic level, where independently presented general considerations and some calculations regarding the possibility of recording, storage, and retrieval of information on synthesized DNA and RNA molecules. After the publication of the first M.S. Neiman's paper and after receiving by Editor the manuscript of his second paper (January, the 8th, 1964, as indicated in that paper) the interview with cybernetic Norbert Wiener was published (US News & World Report, 1964, Feb. 24, pp. 84–86). N.Wiener expressed ideas about miniaturization of computer memory, close to the ideas, proposed by M. S. Neiman independently. These Wiener’s ideas M. S. Neiman mentioned in the third of his papers.

One of the earliest uses of DNA storage occurred in a 1988 collaboration between artist Joe Davis and researchers from Harvard. The image, stored in a DNA sequence in E.coli, was organized in a 5 x 7 matrix that, once decoded, formed a picture of an ancient Germanic rune representing life and the female Earth. In the matrix, ones corresponded to dark pixels while zeros corresponded to light pixels.[7]

In 2007 a device was created at the University of Arizona using addressing molecules to encode mismatch sites within a DNA strand. These mismatches were then able to be read out by performing a restriction digest, thereby recovering the data.[8]

In 2011, George Church, Sri Kosuri, and Yuan Gao carried out an experiment that would encode a 659-kb book that was co-authored by Church. To do this, the research team did a two-to-one correspondence where a binary zero was represented by either a adenine or cytosine and a binary one was represented by a guanine or thymine. After examination, 22 errors were found in the DNA.[7]

On August 16, 2012, the journal Science published research by George Church and colleagues at Harvard University, in which DNA was encoded with digital information that included an HTML draft of a 53,400 word book written by the lead researcher, eleven JPG images and one JavaScript program. Multiple copies for redundancy were added and 5.5 petabits can be stored in each cubic millimeter of DNA.[9] The researchers used a simple code where bits were mapped one-to-one with bases, which had the shortcoming that it led to long runs of the same base, the sequencing of which is error-prone. This research result showed that besides its other functions, DNA can also be another type of storage medium such as hard drives and magnetic tapes.[10]

An improved system was reported in the journal Nature in January 2013, in an article led by researchers from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) and submitted at around the same time as the paper of Church and colleagues. Over five million bits of data, were stored, retrieved, and reproduced. All the DNA files reproduced the information between 99.99% and 100% accuracy.[11] The main innovations in this research were the use of an error-correcting encoding scheme to ensure the extremely low data-loss rate, as well as the idea of encoding the data in a series of overlapping short oligonucleotides identifiable through a sequence-based indexing scheme.[10] Also, the sequences of the individual strands of DNA overlapped in such a way that each region of data was repeated four times to avoid errors. Two of these four strands were constructed backwards, also with the goal of eliminating errors.[11] The costs per megabyte were estimated at $12,400 to encode data and $220 for retrieval. However, it was noted that the exponential decrease in DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, if it continues into the future, should make the technology cost-effective for long-term data storage by 2023.[10]

In 2013, a software called DNACloud was developed by Manish K. Gupta and co-workers to encode computer files to their DNA representation. It implements a memory efficiency version of the algorithm proposed by Goldman et al. to encode (and decode) data to DNA (.dnac files).[12][13]

The long-term stability of data encoded in DNA was reported in February 2015, in an article by researchers from ETH Zurich. The team added redundancy via Reed–Solomon error correction coding and by encapsulating the DNA within silica glass spheres via Sol-gel chemistry.[14]

In 2016 research by Church and Technicolor Research and Innovation was published in which, 22 MB of a MPEG compressed movie sequence were stored and recovered from DNA. The recovery of the sequence was found to have zero errors.[15]

In March 2017, Yaniv Erlich and Dina Zielinski of Columbia University and the New York Genome Center published a method known as DNA Fountain that stored data at a density of 215 petabytes per gram of DNA. The technique approaches the Shannon capacity of DNA storage, achieving 85% of the theoretical limit. The method was not ready for large-scale use, as it costs $7000 to synthesize 2 megabytes of data and another $2000 to read it.[16][17][18]

In March 2018, University of Washington and Microsoft published results demonstrating storage and retrieval of approximately 200MB of data. The research also proposed and evaluated a method for random access of data items stored in DNA.[19][20] In March 2019, the same team announced they have demonstrated a fully automated system to encode and decode data in DNA.[21]

Research published by Eurecom and Imperial College in January 2019, demonstrated the ability to store structured data in synthetic DNA. The research showed how to encode structured or, more specifically, relational data in synthetic DNA and also demonstrated how to perform data processing operations (similar to SQL) directly on the DNA as chemical processes.[22][23]

As an alternative to the storage in direct DNA sequence, the data can also be stored in DNA nanostructures. On December 26, 2018, researchers from Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge published a paper in Nano Letters (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04715) to show the possibility of encoding digital data into DNA nanostructures along double-stranded DNA and reading with solid-state nanopores. This provides an easy writing option with only hundreds of units to form a library of up to 5 × 10^33 (2^112) different molecules to store a large amount of data, which can be easily retrieved using nanopores.

In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of Wikipedia have been encoded into synthetic DNA.[4]

Davos Bitcoin Challenge

On January 21, 2015, Nick Goldman from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), one of the original authors of the 2013 Nature paper,[24] announced the Davos Bitcoin Challenge at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos.[25][26] During his presentation, DNA-tubes were handed out to the audience with the message that each tube contained the private key of exactly one bitcoin, all coded in DNA. The first one to sequence and decode the DNA could claim the bitcoin and win the challenge. The challenge was set for three years and would close if nobody claimed the prize before January 21, 2018.[26]

Almost three years later on January 19, 2018, the EBI announced that a Belgian PhD student, Sander Wuyts of the University of Antwerp and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, was the first one to complete the challenge.[27][28] Next to the instructions on how to claim the bitcoin (stored as a plain text and PDF file), the logo of the EBI, the logo of the company that printed the DNA (CustomArray) and a sketch of James Joyce were retrieved from the DNA.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ceze L, Nivala J, Strauss K (August 2019). "Molecular digital data storage using DNA". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 20 (8): 456–466. doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0125-3. PMID 31068682.
  2. ^ Akram F, Haq IU, Ali H, Laghari AT (October 2018). "Trends to store digital data in DNA: an overview". Molecular Biology Reports. 45 (5): 1479–1490. doi:10.1007/s11033-018-4280-y. PMID 30073589.
  3. ^ Panda D, Molla KA, Baig MJ, Swain A, Behera D, Dash M (May 2018). "DNA as a digital information storage device: hope or hype?". 3 Biotech. 8 (5): 239. doi:10.1007/s13205-018-1246-7. PMC 5935598. PMID 29744271.
  4. ^ a b Shankland, Stephen (29 June 2019). "Startup packs all 16GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech - Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes". CNET. Retrieved 7 August 2019. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Feynman, Richard P. (29 December 1959). "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom". Annual meeting of the American Physical Society. California Institute of Technology. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Mikhail Samoilovich Neumann (1905-1975)".
  7. ^ a b Extance A (September 2016). "How DNA could store all the world's data". Nature. 537 (7618): 22–4. Bibcode:2016Natur.537...22E. doi:10.1038/537022a. PMID 27582204.
  8. ^ Skinner GM, Visscher K, Mansuripur M (2007-06-01). "Biocompatible Writing of Data into DNA". Journal of Bionanoscience. 1 (1): 17–21. arXiv:1708.08027. doi:10.1166/jbns.2007.005.
  9. ^ Church GM, Gao Y, Kosuri S (September 2012). "Next-generation digital information storage in DNA". Science. 337 (6102): 1628. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1628C. doi:10.1126/science.1226355. PMID 22903519.
  10. ^ a b c Yong E (2013). "Synthetic double-helix faithfully stores Shakespeare's sonnets". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12279.
  11. ^ a b Goldman N, Bertone P, Chen S, Dessimoz C, LeProust EM, Sipos B, Birney E (February 2013). "Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA". Nature. 494 (7435): 77–80. Bibcode:2013Natur.494...77G. doi:10.1038/nature11875. PMC 3672958. PMID 23354052.
  12. ^ Shah S, Limbachiya D, Gupta MK (2013-10-25). "DNACloud: A Potential Tool for storing Big Data on DNA". arXiv:1310.6992 [cs.ET].
  13. ^ Limbachiya D, Dhameliya V, Khakhar M, Gupta MK (25 April 2016). On optimal family of codes for archival DNA storage. pp. 123–127. arXiv:1501.07133. doi:10.1109/IWSDA.2015.7458386. ISBN 978-1-4673-8308-0. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Grass RN, Heckel R, Puddu M, Paunescu D, Stark WJ (February 2015). "Robust chemical preservation of digital information on DNA in silica with error-correcting codes". Angewandte Chemie. 54 (8): 2552–5. doi:10.1002/anie.201411378. PMID 25650567.
  15. ^ Blawat M, Gaedke K, Huetter I, Chen XM, Turczyk B, Inverso S, Pruitt BW, Church GM (2016). "Forward Error Correction for DNA Data Storage". Procedia Computer Science. 80: 1011–1022. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.05.398.
  16. ^ Yong, Ed. "This Speck of DNA Contains a Movie, a Computer Virus, and an Amazon Gift Card". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 March 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "DNA could store all of the world's data in one room". Science Magazine. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  18. ^ Erlich Y, Zielinski D (March 2017). "DNA Fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture". Science. 355 (6328): 950–954. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..950E. doi:10.1126/science.aaj2038. PMID 28254941.
  19. ^ Organick L, Ang SD, Chen YJ, Lopez R, Yekhanin S, Makarychev K, et al. (March 2018). "Random access in large-scale DNA data storage". Nature Biotechnology. 36 (3): 242–248. doi:10.1038/nbt.4079. PMID 29457795.
  20. ^ Patel, Prachi (2018-02-20). "DNA Data Storage Gets Random Access". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 2018-09-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Microsoft, UW demonstrate first fully automated DNA data storage". Innovation Stories. 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  22. ^ Appuswamy R, Le Brigand K, Barbry P, Antonini M, Madderson O, Freemont P, McDonald J, Heinis T (2019). "OligoArchive: Using DNA in the DBMS storage hierarchy" (PDF). Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR).
  23. ^ "OligoArchive Website". oligoarchive.github.io. Retrieved 2019-02-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  24. ^ Goldman N, Bertone P, Chen S, Dessimoz C, LeProust EM, Sipos B, Birney E (February 2013). "Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA". Nature. 494 (7435): 77–80. Bibcode:2013Natur.494...77G. doi:10.1038/nature11875. PMC 3672958. PMID 23354052.
  25. ^ World Economic Forum (2015-03-10), Future Computing: DNA Hard Drives | Nick Goldman, retrieved 2018-05-19
  26. ^ a b "DNA storage | European Bioinformatics Institute". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  27. ^ "Belgian PhD student decodes DNA and wins a Bitcoin | European Bioinformatics Institute". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  28. ^ "A Piece of DNA Contained the Key to 1 Bitcoin and This Guy Cracked the Code". Motherboard. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  29. ^ "From DNA to bitcoin: How I won the Davos DNA-storage Bitcoin Challenge". Sander Wuyts. 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2018-05-19.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_digital_data_storage&oldid=919787305"