Functional somatic syndrome: Difference between revisions
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'''Functional |
The term '''Functional Somatic Syndrome (FSS)''' refers to a group of chronic diagnoses with no identifiable organic cause. It encompass disorders such as [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[fibromyalgia]], chronic widespread pain, [[temporomandibular disorder]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]],<ref name="trauma">{{cite journal |last1=Afari |first1=Niloofar |last2=Ahumada |first2=Sandra M. |last3=Wright |first3=Lisa Johnson |last4=Mostoufi |first4=Sheeva |last5=Golnari |first5=Golnaz |last6=Reis |first6=Veronica |last7=Cuneo |first7=Jessica Gundy |title=Psychological Trauma and Functional Somatic Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |date=January 2014 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=2–11 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010 |pmid=24336429 |pmc=3894419 |issn=0033-3174}}</ref> [[lower back pain]], [[tension headache]], atypical face pain, non-cardiac chest pain, [[insomnia]], [[palpitation]], [[dyspepsia]], and [[dizziness]].<ref name="mayou">{{cite journal |last1=Mayou |first1=R. |title=ABC of psychological medicine: Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes |journal=BMJ |date=3 August 2002 |volume=325 |issue=7358 |pages=265–268 |doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7358.265|pmc=1123778 }}</ref> General overlap exists between this term, [[somatization]], and [[somatoform]]. The currently identified class of Functional Somatic Syndromes present as a complex enigma within the medical community; they are highly prevalent, but little is known about the etiology of these conditions. A shocking majority of patients presenting with persistent, widespread somatic complaints have no identifiable organic cause. Biological markers for the FSS diagnoses are non-existent, making the categorization even more difficult; there is currently much debate regarding whether the FSS diagnoses represent separate conditions or one overarching diagnosis.<ref name="trauma" /> A large overlap of symptoms exist between the FSS diagnoses, causing high rates of comorbidity between them; the prevalence of comorbid FSS diagnoses ranges from 20-70%, while comorbid affective disorders with a fibromyalgia diagnosis ranges from 20-80%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Häuser|first=Winfried|last2=Kosseva|first2=Maria|last3=Üceyler|first3=Nurcan|last4=Klose|first4=Petra|last5=Sommer|first5=Claudia|date=2011-05-31|title=Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.20328|journal=Arthritis Care & Research|volume=63|issue=6|pages=808–820|doi=10.1002/acr.20328|issn=2151-464X}}</ref> |
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While FSS diagnoses are relatively common within the general community, they are significantly more common among patients presenting with comorbid [[psychopathology]]; more than half of patients presenting with a FM diagnosis also meet criteria for [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder]] (PTSD).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Hagit|last2=Neumann|first2=Lily|last3=Haiman|first3=Yehoshua|last4=Matar|first4=Michael A.|last5=Press|first5=Joseph|last6=Buskila|first6=Dan|date=August 2002|title=Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in fibromyalgia patients: Overlapping syndromes or post-traumatic fibromyalgia syndrome?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/sarh.2002.33719|journal=Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism|volume=32|issue=1|pages=38–50|doi=10.1053/sarh.2002.33719|issn=0049-0172|via=}}</ref> Similarly, rates of PTSD are roughly 9.5-43.5% higher in people seeking treatment for a functional somatic syndrome as opposed to the general population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Åkerblom|first=Sophia|last2=Perrin|first2=Sean|last3=Rivano Fischer|first3=Marcelo|last4=McCracken|first4=Lance M.|date=2017-02-13|title=The Impact of PTSD on Functioning in Patients Seeking Treatment for Chronic Pain and Validation of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-017-9641-8|journal=International Journal of Behavioral Medicine|volume=24|issue=2|pages=249–259|doi=10.1007/s12529-017-9641-8|issn=1070-5503}}</ref> Aside from the physiological symptoms of FSS such as [[sleep disturbances]], [[chronic pain]], and general fatigue, certain psychological symptoms are also associated with most FSSs, such as [[anxiety]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and [[panic disorder]]. |
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==Signs and symptoms== |
==Signs and symptoms== |
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Functional somatic |
Functional somatic syndromes are characterized by ambiguous, [[non-specific symptoms]] that appear in otherwise-healthy people. Overlap in symptomology exists across diagnoses, including gastrointestinal issues, [[pain]], [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], cognitive difficulties, and sleep difficulties. Some have proposed to group symptoms into clusters<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fink |first1=Per |last2=Schröder |first2=Andreas |title=One single diagnosis, bodily distress syndrome, succeeded to capture 10 diagnostic categories of functional somatic syndromes and somatoform disorders |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |date=May 2010 |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=415–426 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.004 |pmid=20403500 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43200884}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lacourt |first1=Tamara |last2=Houtveen |first2=Jan |last3=van Doornen |first3=Lorenz |title="Functional somatic syndromes, one or many?" An answer by cluster analysis |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |date=1 January 2013 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.013 |pmid=23272982 |issn=1879-1360}}</ref> or into one general functional somatic disorder given the finding of correlations between symptoms and underlying etiologies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wessely |first1=Simon |last2=White |first2=Peter D. |title=There is only one functional somatic syndrome |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |date=1 August 2004 |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=95–96 |doi=10.1192/bjp.185.2.95 |pmid=15286058 |language=en |issn=0007-1250}}</ref> |
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==Potential causes== |
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'''Biological Factors'''. One commonly cited hypothesis in the literature implicates the [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] (HPA axis) and [[cortisol]] secretion in the manifestation of somatic symptoms following trauma.<ref name=":0" /> The HPA axis plays a major role in moderating the body’s [[stress response]] to both emotional and physical pain, relating to both the experience of psychological symptoms prevalent following trauma as well as the physiological symptoms prevalent in FSS conditions.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bryant|first=Richard A.|title=Psychological Interventions for Trauma Exposure and PTSD|date=2011-07-15|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119998471.ch5|work=Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder|pages=171–202|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=9781119998471|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref> When an individual experiences a traumatic event, the HPA-axis causes the increased release of cortisol, activating the sympathetic nervous pathway and causing negative feedback to be sent to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In people who have experienced significant [[trauma]], this reaction can become dysfunctional and can cause a chronic decrease in cortisol production, though the rates of this decrease in cortisol levels varies across different types and frequencies of trauma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Deborah A.|last2=Reynolds|first2=Cecil R.|date=June 2004|title=Clinical Perspectives on Neurobiological Effects of Psychological Trauma|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:nerv.0000028082.13778.14|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=115–129|doi=10.1023/b:nerv.0000028082.13778.14|issn=1040-7308|via=}}</ref> For example, fibromyalgia is characterized as a stress response disorder; similar to trauma, patients with fibromyalgia demonstrate a susceptibility to neuroendocrine dysfunctions. Fibromyalgia patients statistically exhibit atypical patterns of daily cortisol secretion, as well as significantly low urine cortisol levels.<ref name=":0" /> |
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'''Psychological Factors.''' Patients with somatic syndromes such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome have significantly higher rates of both physical and [[sexual abuse]] prior to the onset of their physiological symptoms, as well as higher rates of previous [[emotional abuse]], emotional neglect, and physical neglect compared to the general population<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yavne|first=Yarden|last2=Amital|first2=Daniela|last3=Watad|first3=Abdulla|last4=Tiosano|first4=Shmuel|last5=Amital|first5=Howard|date=August 2018|title=A systematic review of precipitating physical and psychological traumatic events in the development of fibromyalgia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.12.011|journal=Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism|volume=48|issue=1|pages=121–133|doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.12.011|issn=0049-0172|via=}}</ref>. Further, childhood trauma such as sexual abuse or [[Abuse|maltreatment]] can indicate an increased propensity for later somatic syndrome onset. Current theories propose an “[[attentional bias]]” as the psychological mechanism by which trauma and somatic symptoms are tied.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Golding|first=Jacqueline M.|date=1994|title=Sexual assault history and physical health in randomly selected Los Angeles women.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.13.2.130|journal=Health Psychology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1037//0278-6133.13.2.130|issn=0278-6133}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Carleton|first=R. Nicholas|last2=Duranceau|first2=Sophie|last3=McMillan|first3=Katherine A.|last4=Asmundson|first4=Gordon J. G.|date=April 2018|title=Trauma, Pain, and Psychological Distress|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000184|journal=Journal of Psychophysiology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=75–84|doi=10.1027/0269-8803/a000184|issn=0269-8803|via=}}</ref> The concept of attentional bias refers to the idea that traumatic events can cause individuals to become more attuned to their bodies, thus intensifying the perception of [[pain]], [[fatigue]], and other common somatic symptoms.<ref name=":2" /> The initial traumatic event is interpreted as a threat to the body, and therefore the stress-response of the body takes on a new, heightened awareness to any potential subsequent threats. This attentional bias leads to a “[[health anxiety]],” where the patient becomes increasingly concerned that common somatic symptoms are related to a physical disease or injury, and therefore, another potential bodily threat.<ref name=":1" /> An initial perception of lost control can further lead to this attentional bias; sense of control is negatively associated with symptom reporting, suggesting that somatic symptoms are more closely monitored when psychologically recovering from an incident of lost control.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pennebaker|first=James W.|date=1982|title=The Psychology of Physical Symptoms|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9|doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9}}</ref> Functional Somatic Syndromes are thought to be a result of conditioned hyperarousal following a trauma; victims are conditioned to respond more sensitively to the somatic symptoms following a trauma by their attention to and reinforcement of the symptom existence. This feedback loop is similar to that of [[panic disorder]], in which fear of a subsequent panic attack causes an increased hyper-vigilance towards, and exacerbation of, certain physiological symptoms, such as heart palpitations, dizziness, and breathlessness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antony|first=Martin M.|last2=Brown|first2=Timothy A.|last3=Craske|first3=Michelle G.|last4=Barlow|first4=David H.|last5=Mitchell|first5=William B.|last6=Meadows|first6=Elizabeth A.|date=September 1995|title=Accuracy of heartbeat perception in panic disorder, social phobia, and nonanxious subjects|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(95)00017-i|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|volume=9|issue=5|pages=355–371|doi=10.1016/0887-6185(95)00017-i|issn=0887-6185|via=}}</ref> |
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==Cause and pathophysiology== |
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Psychological trauma or stress appears to predispose persons to a functional somatic syndrome.<ref name="trauma"/> HPA axis, autonomic nervous system, and immune response to stress has been proposed as a mediating mechanism.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Susanne |last2=Lemmer |first2=Gunnar |last3=Gollwitzer |first3=Mario |last4=Nater |first4=Urs M. |title=Stress and Resilience in Functional Somatic Syndromes – A Structural Equation Modeling Approach |journal=PLoS ONE |date=14 November 2014 |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=389–401 |url=http://www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(10)00134-6/abstract |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111214 |pmid=25396736 |pmc=4232257 |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> [[Upper airway resistance syndrome]] may also be implicated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gold |first1=Avram |title=Functional somatic syndromes, anxiety disorders and the upper airway: A matter of paradigms |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=389–401 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2010.11.004|pmid=21295503 |year=2011 }}</ref> |
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==Diagnosis== |
==Diagnosis== |
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Diagnosis of a FSS is usually conducted in a “rule-out” method, where physicians rule out other rheumatology disorders with existing biomarkers prior to arriving at a FSS diagnosis. |
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{{Empty section|date=December 2017}} |
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==Treatment== |
==Treatment== |
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Due to the underlying psychological component of functional somatic syndromes, therapeutic approaches such as [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]] are common treatments. Multiple [[Antidepressant|antidepressants]] have also shown to be effective for FSS diagnoses that include chronic pain. |
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Treatment may involve investigation, reassurance and explanation, and possibly specialist treatment such as [[antidepressants]] or [[cognitive behavioral therapy]].<ref name="mayou"/> |
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==Epidemiology== |
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Functional somatic syndromes may occur in 6 to 36% of the population.<ref name="mayou"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 18:07, 17 November 2019
| Functional somatic syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
The term Functional Somatic Syndrome (FSS) refers to a group of chronic diagnoses with no identifiable organic cause. It encompass disorders such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic widespread pain, temporomandibular disorder, irritable bowel syndrome,[1] lower back pain, tension headache, atypical face pain, non-cardiac chest pain, insomnia, palpitation, dyspepsia, and dizziness.[2] General overlap exists between this term, somatization, and somatoform. The currently identified class of Functional Somatic Syndromes present as a complex enigma within the medical community; they are highly prevalent, but little is known about the etiology of these conditions. A shocking majority of patients presenting with persistent, widespread somatic complaints have no identifiable organic cause. Biological markers for the FSS diagnoses are non-existent, making the categorization even more difficult; there is currently much debate regarding whether the FSS diagnoses represent separate conditions or one overarching diagnosis.[1] A large overlap of symptoms exist between the FSS diagnoses, causing high rates of comorbidity between them; the prevalence of comorbid FSS diagnoses ranges from 20-70%, while comorbid affective disorders with a fibromyalgia diagnosis ranges from 20-80%.[3]
While FSS diagnoses are relatively common within the general community, they are significantly more common among patients presenting with comorbid psychopathology; more than half of patients presenting with a FM diagnosis also meet criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).[4] Similarly, rates of PTSD are roughly 9.5-43.5% higher in people seeking treatment for a functional somatic syndrome as opposed to the general population.[5] Aside from the physiological symptoms of FSS such as sleep disturbances, chronic pain, and general fatigue, certain psychological symptoms are also associated with most FSSs, such as anxiety, depression, and panic disorder.
Signs and symptoms
Functional somatic syndromes are characterized by ambiguous, non-specific symptoms that appear in otherwise-healthy people. Overlap in symptomology exists across diagnoses, including gastrointestinal issues, pain, fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and sleep difficulties. Some have proposed to group symptoms into clusters[6][7] or into one general functional somatic disorder given the finding of correlations between symptoms and underlying etiologies.[8]
Potential causes
Biological Factors. One commonly cited hypothesis in the literature implicates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and cortisol secretion in the manifestation of somatic symptoms following trauma.[4] The HPA axis plays a major role in moderating the body’s stress response to both emotional and physical pain, relating to both the experience of psychological symptoms prevalent following trauma as well as the physiological symptoms prevalent in FSS conditions.[9] When an individual experiences a traumatic event, the HPA-axis causes the increased release of cortisol, activating the sympathetic nervous pathway and causing negative feedback to be sent to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In people who have experienced significant trauma, this reaction can become dysfunctional and can cause a chronic decrease in cortisol production, though the rates of this decrease in cortisol levels varies across different types and frequencies of trauma.[10] For example, fibromyalgia is characterized as a stress response disorder; similar to trauma, patients with fibromyalgia demonstrate a susceptibility to neuroendocrine dysfunctions. Fibromyalgia patients statistically exhibit atypical patterns of daily cortisol secretion, as well as significantly low urine cortisol levels.[4]
Psychological Factors. Patients with somatic syndromes such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome have significantly higher rates of both physical and sexual abuse prior to the onset of their physiological symptoms, as well as higher rates of previous emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect compared to the general population[11]. Further, childhood trauma such as sexual abuse or maltreatment can indicate an increased propensity for later somatic syndrome onset. Current theories propose an “attentional bias” as the psychological mechanism by which trauma and somatic symptoms are tied.[12][13] The concept of attentional bias refers to the idea that traumatic events can cause individuals to become more attuned to their bodies, thus intensifying the perception of pain, fatigue, and other common somatic symptoms.[13] The initial traumatic event is interpreted as a threat to the body, and therefore the stress-response of the body takes on a new, heightened awareness to any potential subsequent threats. This attentional bias leads to a “health anxiety,” where the patient becomes increasingly concerned that common somatic symptoms are related to a physical disease or injury, and therefore, another potential bodily threat.[12] An initial perception of lost control can further lead to this attentional bias; sense of control is negatively associated with symptom reporting, suggesting that somatic symptoms are more closely monitored when psychologically recovering from an incident of lost control.[14] Functional Somatic Syndromes are thought to be a result of conditioned hyperarousal following a trauma; victims are conditioned to respond more sensitively to the somatic symptoms following a trauma by their attention to and reinforcement of the symptom existence. This feedback loop is similar to that of panic disorder, in which fear of a subsequent panic attack causes an increased hyper-vigilance towards, and exacerbation of, certain physiological symptoms, such as heart palpitations, dizziness, and breathlessness.[15]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of a FSS is usually conducted in a “rule-out” method, where physicians rule out other rheumatology disorders with existing biomarkers prior to arriving at a FSS diagnosis.
Treatment
Due to the underlying psychological component of functional somatic syndromes, therapeutic approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are common treatments. Multiple antidepressants have also shown to be effective for FSS diagnoses that include chronic pain.
References
- ^ a b Afari, Niloofar; Ahumada, Sandra M.; Wright, Lisa Johnson; Mostoufi, Sheeva; Golnari, Golnaz; Reis, Veronica; Cuneo, Jessica Gundy (January 2014). "Psychological Trauma and Functional Somatic Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Psychosomatic Medicine. 76 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010. ISSN 0033-3174. PMC 3894419. PMID 24336429.
- ^ Mayou, R. (3 August 2002). "ABC of psychological medicine: Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes". BMJ. 325 (7358): 265–268. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7358.265. PMC 1123778.
- ^ Häuser, Winfried; Kosseva, Maria; Üceyler, Nurcan; Klose, Petra; Sommer, Claudia (2011-05-31). "Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis". Arthritis Care & Research. 63 (6): 808–820. doi:10.1002/acr.20328. ISSN 2151-464X.
- ^ a b c Cohen, Hagit; Neumann, Lily; Haiman, Yehoshua; Matar, Michael A.; Press, Joseph; Buskila, Dan (August 2002). "Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in fibromyalgia patients: Overlapping syndromes or post-traumatic fibromyalgia syndrome?". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 32 (1): 38–50. doi:10.1053/sarh.2002.33719. ISSN 0049-0172.
- ^ Åkerblom, Sophia; Perrin, Sean; Rivano Fischer, Marcelo; McCracken, Lance M. (2017-02-13). "The Impact of PTSD on Functioning in Patients Seeking Treatment for Chronic Pain and Validation of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale". International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 24 (2): 249–259. doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9641-8. ISSN 1070-5503.
- ^ Fink, Per; Schröder, Andreas (May 2010). "One single diagnosis, bodily distress syndrome, succeeded to capture 10 diagnostic categories of functional somatic syndromes and somatoform disorders". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 68 (5): 415–426. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.004. PMID 20403500.
- ^ Lacourt, Tamara; Houtveen, Jan; van Doornen, Lorenz (1 January 2013). ""Functional somatic syndromes, one or many?" An answer by cluster analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 74 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.013. ISSN 1879-1360. PMID 23272982.
- ^ Wessely, Simon; White, Peter D. (1 August 2004). "There is only one functional somatic syndrome". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 185 (2): 95–96. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.2.95. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 15286058.
- ^ Bryant, Richard A. (2011-07-15), "Psychological Interventions for Trauma Exposure and PTSD", Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 171–202, ISBN 9781119998471, retrieved 2019-11-17
- ^ Weber, Deborah A.; Reynolds, Cecil R. (June 2004). "Clinical Perspectives on Neurobiological Effects of Psychological Trauma". Neuropsychology Review. 14 (2): 115–129. doi:10.1023/b:nerv.0000028082.13778.14. ISSN 1040-7308.
- ^ Yavne, Yarden; Amital, Daniela; Watad, Abdulla; Tiosano, Shmuel; Amital, Howard (August 2018). "A systematic review of precipitating physical and psychological traumatic events in the development of fibromyalgia". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 48 (1): 121–133. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.12.011. ISSN 0049-0172.
- ^ a b Golding, Jacqueline M. (1994). "Sexual assault history and physical health in randomly selected Los Angeles women". Health Psychology. 13 (2): 130–138. doi:10.1037//0278-6133.13.2.130. ISSN 0278-6133.
- ^ a b Carleton, R. Nicholas; Duranceau, Sophie; McMillan, Katherine A.; Asmundson, Gordon J. G. (April 2018). "Trauma, Pain, and Psychological Distress". Journal of Psychophysiology. 32 (2): 75–84. doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000184. ISSN 0269-8803.
- ^ Pennebaker, James W. (1982). "The Psychology of Physical Symptoms". doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Antony, Martin M.; Brown, Timothy A.; Craske, Michelle G.; Barlow, David H.; Mitchell, William B.; Meadows, Elizabeth A. (September 1995). "Accuracy of heartbeat perception in panic disorder, social phobia, and nonanxious subjects". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 9 (5): 355–371. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00017-i. ISSN 0887-6185.
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