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{{Other uses|Devil's Garden (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Devil's Garden (disambiguation)}}<br />[[File:Devil's_garden.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil's_garden.jpg|alt=|thumb|Devil's garden dominated by the tree species ''[[Duroia hirsuta]].'']]
[[File:Devil's_garden.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil's_garden.jpg|alt=|thumb|Devil's garden dominated by the tree species ''[[Duroia hirsuta]].'']]
In [[myrmecology]] and [[forest]] [[ecology]], a '''devil's garden''' ([[Kichwa language|Kichwa]]: ''Supay chakra'',<ref name=":1">Frederickson, M. E., & Gordon, D. (2007). The devil to pay: the cost of mutualism with ''[[Myrmelachista schumanni]]'' ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on ''Duroia hirsuta'' trees. ''Proc. R. Soc. B''. 274 (1613): 1117-23.</ref><ref name=":0">David P. Edwards, Megan E. Frederickson, Glenn H. Shepard, and Douglas W. Yu (2009): ''[http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/frederickson/ac-content/uploads/edwardsetal2009.pdf A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing.]'' The American Naturalist 174, no. 5: pp. 734-740.</ref> ) is a large [[Stand level modelling|stand of trees]] in the [[Amazon Rainforest]] consisting of at most three tree species and ant (''[[Myrmelachista schumanni|Myrmelachistat schumanni)]].''<ref name=":0" /> Devil's gardens can reach up to sizes of 600 trees and are inhabited by a single ant colony, containing 3 million workers and 15,000 queens.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">Frederickson, M. E., Greene, M. J., & [[Deborah Gordon|Gordon, D.]] (2005). Ecology: 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' 437: 495-6.</ref> In a 2002 to 2004 census of the Amazon, Devil's gardens were shown to have grown by 0.7 percent per year.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/september28/devil-092805.html|title=Ants, not evil spirits, create poisonous devil’s gardens in the Amazon rainforest|last=Shwartz|first=Mark|date=2005-09-26|website=Stanford University|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> The relationship between tree and ant may persist for more than 800 years.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
In [[myrmecology]] and [[forest]] [[ecology]], a '''devil's garden''' ([[Kichwa language|Kichwa]]: ''Supay chakra'',<ref name=":1">Frederickson, M. E., & Gordon, D. (2007). The devil to pay: the cost of mutualism with ''[[Myrmelachista schumanni]]'' ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on ''Duroia hirsuta'' trees. ''Proc. R. Soc. B''. 274 (1613): 1117-23.</ref><ref name=":0">David P. Edwards, Megan E. Frederickson, Glenn H. Shepard, and Douglas W. Yu (2009): ''[http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/frederickson/ac-content/uploads/edwardsetal2009.pdf A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing.]'' The American Naturalist 174, no. 5: pp. 734-740.</ref> ) is a large [[Stand level modelling|stand of trees]] in the [[Amazon Rainforest]] consisting of at most three tree species and ant (''[[Myrmelachista schumanni|Myrmelachistat schumanni)]].''<ref name=":0" /> Devil's gardens can reach up to sizes of 600 trees and are inhabited by a single ant colony, containing 3 million workers and 15,000 queens.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">Frederickson, M. E., Greene, M. J., & [[Deborah Gordon|Gordon, D.]] (2005). Ecology: 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' 437: 495-6.</ref> In a 2002 to 2004 census of the Amazon, Devil's gardens were shown to have grown by 0.7 percent per year.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/september28/devil-092805.html|title=Ants, not evil spirits, create poisonous devil’s gardens in the Amazon rainforest|last=Shwartz|first=Mark|date=2005-09-26|website=Stanford University|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> The relationship between tree and ant may persist for more than 800 years.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />



== Background ==
== Background ==


Devil's gardens got their name because locals believed that an evil forest spirit ''[[Chullachaki]]'' (meaning "uneven foot, single foot" in Kichwa) or Chuyathaqi lived in them.<ref>[http://headoverheels.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ayahuasca_visions_-_pablo_amaringo.pdf Pablo Amaringo: Ayahuasca Visions] - "a vision of the Supay-chacra or garden of the Chullachaki."</ref><ref name=":2">BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4269544.stm Devilish ants control the garden]. 21 September 2005. Retrieved August 12, 2006.</ref>
Devil's gardens got their name because locals believed that an evil forest spirit ''[[Chullachaki]]'' (meaning "uneven foot, single foot" in Kichwa) or Chuyathaqi lived in them.<ref>[http://headoverheels.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ayahuasca_visions_-_pablo_amaringo.pdf Pablo Amaringo: Ayahuasca Visions] - "a vision of the Supay-chacra or garden of the Chullachaki."</ref><ref name=":2">BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4269544.stm Devilish ants control the garden]. 21 September 2005. Retrieved August 12, 2006.</ref>


== Different Types of Devil's Gardens ==
Inhabited by the ant ''[[Myrmelachista schumanni]],'' devil's gardens, in different regions of the Amazon, can be dominated by different tree species.<ref name=":12">Frederickson, M. E., & Gordon, D. (2007). The devil to pay: the cost of mutualism with ''[[Myrmelachista schumanni]]'' ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on ''Duroia hirsuta'' trees. ''Proc. R. Soc. B''. 274 (1613): 1117-23.</ref> In southeastern Peru, devil's gardens are dominated by ''Cordia nodosa'' [[Boraginaceae|(Boraginaceae)]] and occasionally mixed with ''Tococa occidentalis'' [[Melastomataceae|(Melastomataceae)]].<ref name=":02">David P. Edwards, Megan E. Frederickson, Glenn H. Shepard, and Douglas W. Yu (2009): ''[http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/frederickson/ac-content/uploads/edwardsetal2009.pdf A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing.]'' The American Naturalist 174, no. 5: pp. 734-740.</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Morawetz|first=Wilfried|last2=Henzl|first2=Martin|last3=Wallnöfer|first3=Bruno|date=1992-03-01|title=Tree killing by herbicide producing ants for the establishment of pureTococa occidentalis populations in the Peruvian Amazon|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00700248|journal=Biodiversity & Conservation|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=19–33|doi=10.1007/BF00700248|issn=1572-9710}}</ref> At higher elevations, the tree species ''[[Tapirira guianensis]]'' [[Anacardiaceae|(Anacardiaceae)]] can be found dominating gardens.<ref name=":02" /> In southeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru the most common tree species found in devil's gardens are ''[[Duroia hirsuta]]'' [[Rubiaceae|(Rubiaceae)]].<ref name=":02" />





Revision as of 23:28, 5 December 2019

For other uses, see Devil's Garden (disambiguation).


File:Devil's garden.jpg
Devil's garden dominated by the tree species Duroia hirsuta.

In myrmecology and forest ecology, a devil's garden (Kichwa: Supay chakra,[1][2] ) is a large stand of trees in the Amazon Rainforest consisting of at most three tree species and ant (Myrmelachistat schumanni).[2] Devil's gardens can reach up to sizes of 600 trees and are inhabited by a single ant colony, containing 3 million workers and 15,000 queens.[1][3] In a 2002 to 2004 census of the Amazon, Devil's gardens were shown to have grown by 0.7 percent per year.[4] The relationship between tree and ant may persist for more than 800 years.[3][4]


Background

Devil's gardens got their name because locals believed that an evil forest spirit Chullachaki (meaning "uneven foot, single foot" in Kichwa) or Chuyathaqi lived in them.[5][6]


Different Types of Devil's Gardens

Inhabited by the ant Myrmelachista schumanni, devil's gardens, in different regions of the Amazon, can be dominated by different tree species.[7] In southeastern Peru, devil's gardens are dominated by Cordia nodosa (Boraginaceae) and occasionally mixed with Tococa occidentalis (Melastomataceae).[8][9] At higher elevations, the tree species Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae) can be found dominating gardens.[8] In southeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru the most common tree species found in devil's gardens are Duroia hirsuta (Rubiaceae).[8]


The ant Myrmelachista schumanni creates devil's gardens by systematically poisoning all plants in the vicinity except D. hirsuta, the tree in which it nests. The ant poisons the plants by injecting formic acid into the base of the leaf. By killing other plants, the ant promotes the growth and reproduction of D. hirsuta, which has hollow stems that provide nest sites for the ants; a single ant colony might have more than 3 million workers and 15,000 queens, and may persist for more than 800 years.[10] Although the ants fend off herbivores, the size of the garden is restricted by leaf destruction increasing as it expands, as the ants are unable to defend the trees beyond a certain point.[11][12]

References

  1. ^ a b Frederickson, M. E., & Gordon, D. (2007). The devil to pay: the cost of mutualism with Myrmelachista schumanni ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on Duroia hirsuta trees. Proc. R. Soc. B. 274 (1613): 1117-23.
  2. ^ a b David P. Edwards, Megan E. Frederickson, Glenn H. Shepard, and Douglas W. Yu (2009): A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing. The American Naturalist 174, no. 5: pp. 734-740.
  3. ^ a b Frederickson, M. E., Greene, M. J., & Gordon, D. (2005). Ecology: 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants. Nature 437: 495-6.
  4. ^ a b Shwartz, Mark (2005-09-26). "Ants, not evil spirits, create poisonous devil's gardens in the Amazon rainforest". Stanford University. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  5. ^ Pablo Amaringo: Ayahuasca Visions - "a vision of the Supay-chacra or garden of the Chullachaki."
  6. ^ BBC News: Devilish ants control the garden. 21 September 2005. Retrieved August 12, 2006.
  7. ^ Frederickson, M. E., & Gordon, D. (2007). The devil to pay: the cost of mutualism with Myrmelachista schumanni ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on Duroia hirsuta trees. Proc. R. Soc. B. 274 (1613): 1117-23.
  8. ^ a b c David P. Edwards, Megan E. Frederickson, Glenn H. Shepard, and Douglas W. Yu (2009): A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing. The American Naturalist 174, no. 5: pp. 734-740.
  9. ^ Morawetz, Wilfried; Henzl, Martin; Wallnöfer, Bruno (1992-03-01). "Tree killing by herbicide producing ants for the establishment of pureTococa occidentalis populations in the Peruvian Amazon". Biodiversity & Conservation. 1 (1): 19–33. doi:10.1007/BF00700248. ISSN 1572-9710.
  10. ^ Frederickson, M. E., Greene, M. J., & Gordon, D. (2005). Ecology: 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants. Nature 437: 495-6.
  11. ^ Frederickson, M. E., & Gordon, D. (2007). The devil to pay: the cost of mutualism with Myrmelachista schumanni ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on Duroia hirsuta trees. Proc. R. Soc. B. 274 (1613): 1117-23.
  12. ^ BBC News: Devilish ants control the garden. 21 September 2005. Retrieved August 12, 2006.
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