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In [[human–computer interaction]], '''WIMP''' stands for "[[window (computing)|window]]s, [[icon (computing)|icons]], [[menu (computing)|menu]]s, [[Pointer (user interface)|pointer]]",<ref name="nytimes cellphone">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/science/17map.html | title=The Cellphone, Navigating Our Lives | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 16, 2009 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Markoff | first = John | location=New York | quote=[...] so-called WIMP interface — for windows, icons, menus, pointer [...] | authorlink = John Markoff }}</ref><ref name="microsoft ">{{cite web | url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/haptic-issues-virtual-manipulation/ | title=Haptic Issues for Virtual Manipulation | publisher=[[Microsoft]] | date=December 1996 | accessdate=May 22, 2018 | last = Hinckley | first = Ken | quote=The Windows-Icons-Menus-Pointer (WIMP) interface paradigm dominates modern computing systems.}}</ref><ref name="microsoft input technologies">{{cite web | url=http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/kenh/papers/InputChapter.pdf | title=Input Technologies and Techniques | publisher=[[Microsoft]] | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Hinckley | first = Ken | quote=Researchers are looking to move beyond the current "WIMP" (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer) interface [...] }}</ref> denoting a style of interaction using [[List of graphical user interface elements|these elements]] of the [[graphical user interface|user interface]]. It was coined by [[Merzouga Wilberts]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lottiebooth.com/pdf/essay.pdf|title=Alan Kay and the Graphical User Interface|first=Charlotte|last=Booth|access-date=2009-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232927/http://www.lottiebooth.com/pdf/essay.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other expansions are sometimes used, such as substituting "mouse" and "mice" for menus, or "pull-down menu" and "pointing" for pointer.<ref name="nytimes computers behave like people">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/01/business/the-executive-computer-when-oh-when-will-computers-behave-like-people.html | title=The Executive Computer; When, Oh When, Will Computers Behave Like People? | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 1, 1995 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Flynn | first = Laurie | location=New York | quote="We've taken the WIMP interface as far as it can go," he added, referring to the Windows-icon-mouse-pull-down menu.}}</ref><ref name="siggraph90 ">{{cite conference | citeseerx = 10.1.1.121.7982 | title=SIGGRAPH '90 Workshop Report: Software Architectures and Metaphors for Non-WIMP User Interfaces | publisher=[[ACM SIGGRAPH]] | last = Green | first = Mark | booktitle=SIGGRAPH '90 |date=July 1991 | conference=[[SIGGRAPH]] | location=Dallas | last2 = Jacob | first2 = Robert | quote=The acronym, WIMP, stands for Windows, Icons, Mice and Pointing, and it is used to refer to the desk top, direct manipulation style of user interface.}}</ref><ref name="nytimes facing the future">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/magazine/facing-the-future.html | title=Facing the Future | work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] | date=April 14, 1996 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Patton | first = Phil | location=New York | quote=GUI and WIMP (for window, icon, mouse and pointer) are interfaces based on framed text, drop-down menus and clickable buttons arranged along on-screen panels called tool bars.}}</ref>
In [[human–computer interaction]], '''WIMP''' stands for "[[window (computing)|window]]s, [[icon (computing)|icons]], [[menu (computing)|menu]]s, [[Pointer (user interface)|pointer]]",<ref name="nytimes cellphone">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/science/17map.html | title=The Cellphone, Navigating Our Lives | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 16, 2009 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Markoff | first = John | location=New York | quote=[...] so-called WIMP interface — for windows, icons, menus, pointer [...] | authorlink = John Markoff }}</ref><ref name="microsoft ">{{cite web | url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/haptic-issues-virtual-manipulation/ | title=Haptic Issues for Virtual Manipulation | publisher=[[Microsoft]] | date=December 1996 | accessdate=May 22, 2018 | last = Hinckley | first = Ken | quote=The Windows-Icons-Menus-Pointer (WIMP) interface paradigm dominates modern computing systems.}}</ref><ref name="microsoft input technologies">{{cite web | url=http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/kenh/papers/InputChapter.pdf | title=Input Technologies and Techniques | publisher=[[Microsoft]] | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Hinckley | first = Ken | quote=Researchers are looking to move beyond the current "WIMP" (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer) interface [...] }}</ref> denoting a style of interaction using [[List of graphical user interface elements|these elements]] of the [[graphical user interface|user interface]]. It was coined by [[Merzouga Wilberts]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lottiebooth.com/pdf/essay.pdf|title=Alan Kay and the Graphical User Interface|first=Charlotte|last=Booth|access-date=2009-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232927/http://www.lottiebooth.com/pdf/essay.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other expansions are sometimes used, such as substituting "mouse" and "mice" for menus, or "pull-down menu" and "pointing" for pointer.<ref name="nytimes computers behave like people">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/01/business/the-executive-computer-when-oh-when-will-computers-behave-like-people.html | title=The Executive Computer; When, Oh When, Will Computers Behave Like People? | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 1, 1995 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Flynn | first = Laurie | location=New York | quote="We've taken the WIMP interface as far as it can go," he added, referring to the Windows-icon-mouse-pull-down menu.}}</ref><ref name="siggraph90 ">{{cite conference | citeseerx = 10.1.1.121.7982 | title=SIGGRAPH '90 Workshop Report: Software Architectures and Metaphors for Non-WIMP User Interfaces | publisher=[[ACM SIGGRAPH]] | last = Green | first = Mark | booktitle=SIGGRAPH '90 |date=July 1991 | conference=[[SIGGRAPH]] | location=Dallas | last2 = Jacob | first2 = Robert | quote=The acronym, WIMP, stands for Windows, Icons, Mice and Pointing, and it is used to refer to the desk top, direct manipulation style of user interface.}}</ref><ref name="nytimes facing the future">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/magazine/facing-the-future.html | title=Facing the Future | work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] | date=April 14, 1996 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Patton | first = Phil | location=New York | quote=GUI and WIMP (for window, icon, mouse and pointer) are interfaces based on framed text, drop-down menus and clickable buttons arranged along on-screen panels called tool bars.}}</ref>


Although the term has fallen into disuse, some use it as an approximate synonym for ''[[graphical user interface]] (GUI)''. Any interface that uses graphics can be called a GUI, and WIMP systems derive from such systems. However, while all WIMP systems use graphics as a key element (the icon and pointer elements), and therefore are GUIs, the reverse is not true. Some GUIs are not based in windows, icons, menus, and pointers. For example, most mobile phones represent actions as icons, and some might have menus, but very few include a pointer or run programs in a window.{{fact|date=August 2017}}
Though the [[acronym]] has fallen into disuse, it has often been likened to the term ''[[graphical user interface]] (GUI)''. Any interface that uses graphics can be called a GUI, and WIMP systems derive from such systems. However, while all WIMP systems use graphics as a key element (the icon and pointer elements), and therefore are GUIs, the reverse is not true. Some GUIs are not based in windows, icons, menus, and pointers. For example, most mobile phones represent actions as icons and menus, but do not often don't rely on a conventional pointer or containerized windows to host program interactions.{{fact|date=August 2017}}


WIMP interaction was developed at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] (see [[Xerox Alto]], developed in 1973) and popularized with [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s introduction of the [[Macintosh]] in 1984, which added the concepts of the "menu bar" and extended window management.<ref>Andries van Dam: [http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/253671.253708 Post-WIMP User Interfaces.] In: ''Communications of the ACM'', 40(2) (February 1997), pp. 63–67. [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/11222/http:zSzzSzcs.ru.ac.zazSzhomeszSzg97rc001zSzpaperszSzp63-van_dam.pdf/dam97postwimp.pdf Citeseer]</ref>
WIMP interaction was developed at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] (see [[Xerox Alto]], developed in 1973) and popularized with [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s introduction of the [[Macintosh]] in 1984, which added the concepts of the "menu bar" and extended window management.<ref>Andries van Dam: [http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/253671.253708 Post-WIMP User Interfaces.] In: ''Communications of the ACM'', 40(2) (February 1997), pp. 63–67. [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/11222/http:zSzzSzcs.ru.ac.zazSzhomeszSzg97rc001zSzpaperszSzp63-van_dam.pdf/dam97postwimp.pdf Citeseer]</ref>


The WIMP interface is comprised of the following components:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hcigroupon6.wordpress.com/2014/11/10/type-of-interfaces/|title=Type of interfaces (WIMP and GUI)|last=HCI|date=2014-11-10|website=HCIGroupon6|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>
In a WIMP system:{{fact|date=August 2017}}

* A window runs a self-contained program, isolated from other programs that (if in a multi-program operating system) run at the same time in other windows.
* A window runs a self-contained program, isolated from other programs that (if in a multi-program operating system) run at the same time in other windows.
**These individual program containers enable users to move fluidly between different windows.
⚫
* An icon acts as a shortcut to an action the computer performs (e.g., execute a program or task).
**The [[window manager]] software is typically designed such that it is clear which window is currently active. [[Visual design elements and principles|Design principles]] of spacing, grouping, and simplicity help the user maintain focus when working between more than one window.
⚫
* A menu is a text or icon-based selection system that selects and executes programs or tasks.
⚫
* An icon acts as a shortcut to an action the computer performs (e.g., execute a program or task).
**Text labels can be used alongside icons to help identification for small icon sets.
⚫
* A menu is a text or icon-based selection system that selects and executes programs or tasks. Menus may change depending on context in which they are accessed.
* The pointer is an onscreen symbol that represents movement of a physical device that the user controls to select icons, data elements, etc.
* The pointer is an onscreen symbol that represents movement of a physical device that the user controls to select icons, data elements, etc.


This style of system improves [[human–computer interaction]] (HCI) by emulating real-world interactions and providing better [[usability|ease of use]] for non-technical people. Users can carry skill at a standardized interface from one application to another.{{fact|date=August 2017}}
This style of system improves [[human–computer interaction]] (''HCI'') by emulating real-world interactions and providing better [[usability|ease of use]] for non-technical people. Because programs contained by a WIMP interface subsequently rely on the same core input methods, the interactions throughout the system are standardized. This [[Consistency (user interfaces)|consistency]] allows users' skills carry from one application to another.


==Criticism==
==Criticism==
{{expand section|date=January 2015}}
{{expand section|date=January 2015}}
Some human–computer interaction researchers consider WIMP to be ill-suited for multiple applications, especially those requiring precise human input or more than three dimensions of input.<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.45.9491 Past, Present and Future of User Interface Software Tools]. Brad Myers, Scott E. Hudson, Randy Pausch, Y Pausch. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2000. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~amulet/papers/futureofhciACM.pdf]</ref> Drawing and writing are example of these limitations; a traditional pointer is limited by two dimensions, and consequently doesn't account for the pressure applied when using a physical writing utility. Pressure sensitive [[Graphics tablet|graphics tablets]] are often used to overcome this limitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/digitizing_tablet.html|title=What is digitizing tablet? Webopedia Definition|website=www.webopedia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>
<!-- Dear editor! Please note that this space is not suited for your free-form essays. Instead of expressing your own thoughts, find a verifiable reference and summarize neutral fact-based claims extracted from there. -->


Another issue with WIMP-style user interfaces is that many implementations put users with disabilities at a disadvantage. For example, visually impaired users may have difficulty using applications when alternative text-based interfaces are not made available. People with [[Physical disability|motor impairments]], such as [[Parkinson's disease]], may not be able to navigate devices precisely using the traditional mouse pointer for input. To overcome these barriers, researchers continue to explore modern computer systems more accessible.<ref>Marcelo Medeiros Carneiro, Luiz Velho, [http://itd.athenpro.org/volume10/number2/carneiro.html Assistive Interfaces For The Visually Impaired Using Force Feedback Devices And Distance Transforms], Information Technology and Disabilities Journal, Vol. X, No. 2, December 2004</ref> Recent developments in [[artificial intelligence]], specifically [[machine learning]], have opened new doors for accessibility in technology, or [[assistive technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetechedvocate.org/how-artificial-intelligence-is-improving-assistive-technology/|title=How Artificial Intelligence is Improving Assistive Technology|date=2018-04-24|website=The Tech Edvocate|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1998|editor-last=Mittal|editor-first=Vibhu O.|editor2-last=Yanco|editor2-first=Holly A.|editor3-last=Aronis|editor3-first=John|editor4-last=Simpson|editor4-first=Richard|title=Assistive Technology and Artificial Intelligence|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/BFb0055965|journal=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/bfb0055965|issn=0302-9743}}</ref>
Some human–computer interaction researchers<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.45.9491 Past, Present and Future of User Interface Software Tools]. Brad Myers, Scott E. Hudson, Randy Pausch, Y Pausch. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2000. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~amulet/papers/futureofhciACM.pdf]</ref> consider WIMP to be ill-suited for multiple applications.<!-- such as? -->{{fact|date=August 2017}}

WIMP-style user interfaces place visually impaired users at a disadvantage, especially when alternative text-based interfaces are not made available. Researchers have been exploring other alternatives that make modern computer systems more accessible.<ref>Marcelo Medeiros Carneiro, Luiz Velho, [http://itd.athenpro.org/volume10/number2/carneiro.html Assistive Interfaces For The Visually Impaired Using Force Feedback Devices And Distance Transforms], Information Technology and Disabilities Journal, Vol. X, No. 2, December 2004</ref>


== Moving past the WIMP interface ==
== Moving past the WIMP interface ==
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* [[Desktop metaphor]]
* [[Desktop metaphor]]
* [[Natural user interface]]
* [[Natural user interface]]
*[[Touch user interface]]


==References==
==References==
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* Ashley George Taylor: ''WIMP Interfaces'' (winter 1997) https://web.archive.org/web/20060719123329/http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/dialog-wimp/
* Ashley George Taylor: ''WIMP Interfaces'' (winter 1997) https://web.archive.org/web/20060719123329/http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/dialog-wimp/


== External Links ==

* [[ISO 9241|ISO 9241-11:2018]]: Ergonomics of human-system interaction. ''Part 11: Usability: Definitions and concepts,'' https://www.iso.org/standard/63500.html
{{Graphical control elements}}
{{Graphical control elements}}


Revision as of 17:45, 22 February 2020

Not to be confused with WIMP (software bundle).
A word processing program that uses a WIMP paradigm, providing mouse-operated toolbars and menus to access its functions.

In human–computer interaction, WIMP stands for "windows, icons, menus, pointer",[1][2][3] denoting a style of interaction using these elements of the user interface. It was coined by Merzouga Wilberts in 1980.[4] Other expansions are sometimes used, such as substituting "mouse" and "mice" for menus, or "pull-down menu" and "pointing" for pointer.[5][6][7]

Though the acronym has fallen into disuse, it has often been likened to the term graphical user interface (GUI). Any interface that uses graphics can be called a GUI, and WIMP systems derive from such systems. However, while all WIMP systems use graphics as a key element (the icon and pointer elements), and therefore are GUIs, the reverse is not true. Some GUIs are not based in windows, icons, menus, and pointers. For example, most mobile phones represent actions as icons and menus, but do not often don't rely on a conventional pointer or containerized windows to host program interactions.[citation needed]

WIMP interaction was developed at Xerox PARC (see Xerox Alto, developed in 1973) and popularized with Apple's introduction of the Macintosh in 1984, which added the concepts of the "menu bar" and extended window management.[8]

The WIMP interface is comprised of the following components:[9]

  • A window runs a self-contained program, isolated from other programs that (if in a multi-program operating system) run at the same time in other windows.
    • These individual program containers enable users to move fluidly between different windows.
    • The window manager software is typically designed such that it is clear which window is currently active. Design principles of spacing, grouping, and simplicity help the user maintain focus when working between more than one window.
  • An icon acts as a shortcut to an action the computer performs (e.g., execute a program or task).
    • Text labels can be used alongside icons to help identification for small icon sets.
  • A menu is a text or icon-based selection system that selects and executes programs or tasks. Menus may change depending on context in which they are accessed.
  • The pointer is an onscreen symbol that represents movement of a physical device that the user controls to select icons, data elements, etc.

This style of system improves human–computer interaction (HCI) by emulating real-world interactions and providing better ease of use for non-technical people. Because programs contained by a WIMP interface subsequently rely on the same core input methods, the interactions throughout the system are standardized. This consistency allows users' skills carry from one application to another.

Criticism

Some human–computer interaction researchers consider WIMP to be ill-suited for multiple applications, especially those requiring precise human input or more than three dimensions of input.[10] Drawing and writing are example of these limitations; a traditional pointer is limited by two dimensions, and consequently doesn't account for the pressure applied when using a physical writing utility. Pressure sensitive graphics tablets are often used to overcome this limitation.[11]

Another issue with WIMP-style user interfaces is that many implementations put users with disabilities at a disadvantage. For example, visually impaired users may have difficulty using applications when alternative text-based interfaces are not made available. People with motor impairments, such as Parkinson's disease, may not be able to navigate devices precisely using the traditional mouse pointer for input. To overcome these barriers, researchers continue to explore modern computer systems more accessible.[12] Recent developments in artificial intelligence, specifically machine learning, have opened new doors for accessibility in technology, or assistive technology.[13][14]

Moving past the WIMP interface

Multiple studies have explored the possibilities of moving past the WIMP interface, such as using reality-based interaction,[15] making the interface "three-dimensional" by adding visual depth through the use of monocular cues,[16][17][18][19] and even combining depth with physics.[20] The latter resulted in the development of BumpTop desktop and its acquisition and release by Google.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Markoff, John (February 16, 2009). "The Cellphone, Navigating Our Lives". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved December 14, 2011. [...] so-called WIMP interface — for windows, icons, menus, pointer [...]
  2. ^ Hinckley, Ken (December 1996). "Haptic Issues for Virtual Manipulation". Microsoft. Retrieved May 22, 2018. The Windows-Icons-Menus-Pointer (WIMP) interface paradigm dominates modern computing systems.
  3. ^ Hinckley, Ken. "Input Technologies and Techniques" (PDF). Microsoft. Retrieved December 14, 2011. Researchers are looking to move beyond the current "WIMP" (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer) interface [...]
  4. ^ Booth, Charlotte. "Alan Kay and the Graphical User Interface" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  5. ^ Flynn, Laurie (January 1, 1995). "The Executive Computer; When, Oh When, Will Computers Behave Like People?". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved December 14, 2011. "We've taken the WIMP interface as far as it can go," he added, referring to the Windows-icon-mouse-pull-down menu.
  6. ^ Green, Mark; Jacob, Robert (July 1991). "SIGGRAPH '90 Workshop Report: Software Architectures and Metaphors for Non-WIMP User Interfaces". SIGGRAPH '90. SIGGRAPH. Dallas: ACM SIGGRAPH. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.121.7982. The acronym, WIMP, stands for Windows, Icons, Mice and Pointing, and it is used to refer to the desk top, direct manipulation style of user interface. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Patton, Phil (April 14, 1996). "Facing the Future". The New York Times Magazine. New York. Retrieved December 14, 2011. GUI and WIMP (for window, icon, mouse and pointer) are interfaces based on framed text, drop-down menus and clickable buttons arranged along on-screen panels called tool bars.
  8. ^ Andries van Dam: Post-WIMP User Interfaces. In: Communications of the ACM, 40(2) (February 1997), pp. 63–67. Citeseer
  9. ^ HCI (2014-11-10). "Type of interfaces (WIMP and GUI)". HCIGroupon6. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  10. ^ Past, Present and Future of User Interface Software Tools. Brad Myers, Scott E. Hudson, Randy Pausch, Y Pausch. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2000. [1]
  11. ^ "What is digitizing tablet? Webopedia Definition". www.webopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  12. ^ Marcelo Medeiros Carneiro, Luiz Velho, Assistive Interfaces For The Visually Impaired Using Force Feedback Devices And Distance Transforms, Information Technology and Disabilities Journal, Vol. X, No. 2, December 2004
  13. ^ "How Artificial Intelligence is Improving Assistive Technology". The Tech Edvocate. 2018-04-24. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  14. ^ Mittal, Vibhu O.; Yanco, Holly A.; Aronis, John; Simpson, Richard, eds. (1998). "Assistive Technology and Artificial Intelligence". Lecture Notes in Computer Science. doi:10.1007/bfb0055965. ISSN 0302-9743.
  15. ^ Jacob, Robert J.K.; Girouard, Audrey; Hirshfield, Leanne M.; Horn, Michael S.; Shaer, Orit; Solovey, Erin Treacy; Zigelbaum, Jamie (2008-01-01). Reality-based Interaction: A Framework for post-WIMP Interfaces. CHI '08. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 201–210. doi:10.1145/1357054.1357089. ISBN 9781605580111. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Robertson, George; Czerwinski, Mary; Larson, Kevin; Robbins, Daniel C.; Thiel, David; van Dantzich, Maarten (1998-01-01). Data Mountain: Using Spatial Memory for Document Management. UIST '98. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 153–162. doi:10.1145/288392.288596. ISBN 978-1581130348. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Cockburn, Andy; McKenzie, Bruce (2002-01-01). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Spatial Memory in 2D and 3D Physical and Virtual Environments. CHI '02. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 203–210. doi:10.1145/503376.503413. ISBN 978-1581134537. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Kyritsis, M.; Gulliver, S. R.; Morar, S.; Stevens, R. (2013-01-01). Issues and Benefits of Using 3D Interfaces: Visual and Verbal Tasks. MEDES '13. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 241–245. doi:10.1145/2536146.2536166. ISBN 9781450320047. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Kyritsis, Markos; Gulliver, Stephen R.; Feredoes, Eva (2016-08-01). "Environmental factors and features that influence visual search in a 3D WIMP interface". International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 92–93: 30–43. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.009.
  20. ^ Agarawala, Anand; Balakrishnan, Ravin (2006-01-01). Keepin' It Real: Pushing the Desktop Metaphor with Physics, Piles and the Pen. CHI '06. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 1283–1292. doi:10.1145/1124772.1124965. ISBN 978-1595933720. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

Bibliography

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