Ectopic thymus: Difference between revisions
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== Signs and Symptoms == |
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It can be associated with failure of descent.<ref name="Lavini2008">{{cite book|author=Corrado Lavini|title=Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Features|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTI8arzsI-8C&pg=PA36|accessdate=22 May 2011|date=10 October 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-88-470-0827-4|pages=36–}}</ref> |
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Ectopic thymus most often does not cause symptoms. It is most frequently discovered as a mass or swelling in the neck of infants and children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Lavini|first=Corrado|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTI8arzsI-8C&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Features|last2=Moran|first2=Cesar A.|last3=Morandi|first3=Uliano|last4=Schoenhuber|first4=Rudolf|date=2009-05-08|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-88-470-0828-1|language=en}}</ref> However, when symptoms do occur they are most commonly due to compression of nearby structures such as the [[trachea]] and [[esophagus]]. This can lead to hoarseness, [[stridor]], difficulty breathing and/or difficulty swallowing.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Herman|first=T. E.|last2=Siegel|first2=M. J.|date=2009-02|title=Cervical ectopic thymus|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jp200889|journal=Journal of Perinatology|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=173–174|doi=10.1038/jp.2008.89|issn=1476-5543}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Anastasiadis|first=Kyriakos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ7dEHuWD_8C&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Thymus Gland: Diagnosis and Surgical Management|last2=Ratnatunga|first2=Chandi|date=2007-06-07|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-33426-2|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Cause == |
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It can also be associated with failure of [[involution (medicine)|involution]].<ref name="AnastasiadisRatnatunga2007">{{cite book|author1=Kyriakos Anastasiadis|author2=Chandi Ratnatunga|title=The Thymus Gland: Diagnosis and Surgical Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ7dEHuWD_8C&pg=PA18|accessdate=22 May 2011|date=4 May 2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-33425-5|pages=18–}}</ref> |
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During embryological development, the thymus is formed from the third and fourth [[Pharyngeal pouch (embryology)|pharyngeal pouches]]. It descends along a pathway from the mandible to its final resting place of the [[mediastinum]].<ref name=":1" /> When the thymus tissue fails to descend appropriately or fails to involute, thymus tissue remains in various locations along this pathway. Locations that solid thymus tissue has been reported include near the [[thyroid]] (most common), within the thyroid, the base of the skull, and within the [[pharynx]] or trachea.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Bang|first=Myung Hoon|last2=Shin|first2=JinShik|last3=Lee|first3=Kwan Seop|last4=Kang|first4=Min Jae|date=2018-04-06|title=Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus in children|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5902273/|journal=Medicine|volume=97|issue=14|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000010282|issn=0025-7974|pmc=5902273|pmid=29620644}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |
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== Diagnosis == |
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Ultrasound is the recommended diagnostic modality used to diagnose cervical ectopic thymus.<ref name=":2" /> The thymus has a unique appearance on ultrasound which allows for specific diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Han|first=Bokyung K.|last2=Yoon|first2=H.-K.|last3=Suh|first3=Yeon-Lim|date=2001-07-01|title=Thymic ultrasound|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s002470100468|journal=Pediatric Radiology|language=en|volume=31|issue=7|pages=480–487|doi=10.1007/s002470100468|issn=1432-1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yildiz|first=Adalet Elcin|last2=Ceyhan|first2=Koray|last3=Sıklar|first3=Zeynep|last4=Bilir|first4=Pelin|last5=Yağmurlu|first5=Emin Aydın|last6=Berberoğlu|first6=Merih|last7=Fitoz|first7=Suat|date=2015-09|title=Intrathyroidal Ectopic Thymus in Children: Retrospective Analysis of Grayscale and Doppler Sonographic Features|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26269296|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine|volume=34|issue=9|pages=1651–1656|doi=10.7863/ultra.15.14.10041|issn=1550-9613|pmid=26269296}}</ref> Upon ultrasound, ectopic thymus appears hypoechoic with characteristic linear echogenic foci.<ref name=":4" /> However, [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] can and has been utilized as well to better characterize and identify the location of the ectopic thymus.<ref name=":1" /> On MRI, ectopic cervical thymus appears as a homogeneous mass which is isointense to muscle on T1-weighted scans and hyperintense on T2-weighted scans.<ref name=":4" /> Biopsy or [[Histology|histological]] examination upon resection can also be used to make a definitive diagnosis. |
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* [[Ectopia (disambiguation)]]'' |
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An appropriate differential diagnosis depends upon location of the ectopic thymus. For cervical ectopic thymus the differential diagnosis should include additional causes of neck masses. This includes common causes of neck masses in children such as [[Thyroglossal cyst|thyroglossal duct cyst]], [[branchial cleft cyst]], [[dermoid cyst]], inflammatory [[Lymphadenopathy|lymphadenitis]], sternocleidomastoid (SCM) tumor of infancy, a salivary gland infection or benign tumor.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neck-masses|title=Neck Masses|last=Philadelphia|first=The Children's Hospital of|date=2016-04-11|website=www.chop.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Rare causes of neck masses in children include [[lymphoma]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Thyroid nodule|thyroid nodules]] and [[Thyroid cancer|thyroid cancer.]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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== Treatment == |
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If the patient is asymptomatic and the mass is identified based upon radiologic findings, biopsy and/or resection may be avoided.<ref name=":2" /> Surgical removal of the mass is the definitive treatment for ectopic thymus tissue that is causing symptoms.<ref name=":0" /> It has been reported that the ectopic thymus tissue can transform into cancerous tissue.<ref name=":0" /> However, due to most diagnosed ectopic thymus tissue being resected due to this concern, the natural progression is not well explored. The data supporting malignant transformation is limited and ectopic thymus tissue that is not causing problems can likely be left to involute.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schloegel|first=Luke J.|last2=Gottschall|first2=Joshua A.|date=2009-03-01|title=Ectopic cervical thymus: Is empiric surgical excision necessary?|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165587608005466|journal=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology|language=en|volume=73|issue=3|pages=475–479|doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.031|issn=0165-5876}}</ref> Given the thymus's role in the body's adaptive immune system, it should be confirmed that the patient has a mediastinal thymus prior to surgery in order to prevent the potential for future immune deficiencies.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Prognosis == |
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Following surgical removal of the ectopic thymus, there have been no reported recurrences.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Epidemiology == |
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Ectopic thymus is rarely reported in the literature.<ref name=":1" /> The prevalence of ectopic thymus reportedly ranges from 1 to 90%. This variation in prevalence is largely dependent upon the method of investigation used and how extensive the workup is.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marx|first=A.|last2=Rüdiger|first2=T.|last3=Rößner|first3=E.|last4=Tzankov|first4=A.|last5=de Montpréville|first5=V. T.|last6=Rieker|first6=R. R.|last7=Ströbel|first7=P.|last8=Weis|first8=C.‑A.|date=2018-09-01|title=Ektopien des Thymus und ektope Thymustumoren|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-018-0485-z|journal=Der Pathologe|language=de|volume=39|issue=5|pages=390–397|doi=10.1007/s00292-018-0485-z|issn=1432-1963}}</ref> With most ectopic thymus tissue being asymptomatic, it is likely the prevalence is higher than typically reported.<ref name=":4" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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== External links == |
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Revision as of 16:41, 18 April 2020
Ectopic thymus is a condition where thymus tissue is found in an abnormal location. It is thought to be the result of either a failure of descent or a failure of involution of normal thymus tissue.
Signs and Symptoms
Ectopic thymus most often does not cause symptoms. It is most frequently discovered as a mass or swelling in the neck of infants and children.[1] However, when symptoms do occur they are most commonly due to compression of nearby structures such as the trachea and esophagus. This can lead to hoarseness, stridor, difficulty breathing and/or difficulty swallowing.[2][3]
Cause
During embryological development, the thymus is formed from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. It descends along a pathway from the mandible to its final resting place of the mediastinum.[1] When the thymus tissue fails to descend appropriately or fails to involute, thymus tissue remains in various locations along this pathway. Locations that solid thymus tissue has been reported include near the thyroid (most common), within the thyroid, the base of the skull, and within the pharynx or trachea.[4][1]
Diagnosis
Ultrasound is the recommended diagnostic modality used to diagnose cervical ectopic thymus.[4] The thymus has a unique appearance on ultrasound which allows for specific diagnosis.[5][6] Upon ultrasound, ectopic thymus appears hypoechoic with characteristic linear echogenic foci.[2] However, MRI can and has been utilized as well to better characterize and identify the location of the ectopic thymus.[1] On MRI, ectopic cervical thymus appears as a homogeneous mass which is isointense to muscle on T1-weighted scans and hyperintense on T2-weighted scans.[2] Biopsy or histological examination upon resection can also be used to make a definitive diagnosis.
An appropriate differential diagnosis depends upon location of the ectopic thymus. For cervical ectopic thymus the differential diagnosis should include additional causes of neck masses. This includes common causes of neck masses in children such as thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cleft cyst, dermoid cyst, inflammatory lymphadenitis, sternocleidomastoid (SCM) tumor of infancy, a salivary gland infection or benign tumor.[7][4] Rare causes of neck masses in children include lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.[7][4]
Treatment
If the patient is asymptomatic and the mass is identified based upon radiologic findings, biopsy and/or resection may be avoided.[4] Surgical removal of the mass is the definitive treatment for ectopic thymus tissue that is causing symptoms.[3] It has been reported that the ectopic thymus tissue can transform into cancerous tissue.[3] However, due to most diagnosed ectopic thymus tissue being resected due to this concern, the natural progression is not well explored. The data supporting malignant transformation is limited and ectopic thymus tissue that is not causing problems can likely be left to involute.[8] Given the thymus's role in the body's adaptive immune system, it should be confirmed that the patient has a mediastinal thymus prior to surgery in order to prevent the potential for future immune deficiencies.[3]
Prognosis
Following surgical removal of the ectopic thymus, there have been no reported recurrences.[3]
Epidemiology
Ectopic thymus is rarely reported in the literature.[1] The prevalence of ectopic thymus reportedly ranges from 1 to 90%. This variation in prevalence is largely dependent upon the method of investigation used and how extensive the workup is.[9] With most ectopic thymus tissue being asymptomatic, it is likely the prevalence is higher than typically reported.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e Lavini, Corrado; Moran, Cesar A.; Morandi, Uliano; Schoenhuber, Rudolf (2009-05-08). Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Features. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-88-470-0828-1.
- ^ a b c d Herman, T. E.; Siegel, M. J. (2009-02). "Cervical ectopic thymus". Journal of Perinatology. 29 (2): 173–174. doi:10.1038/jp.2008.89. ISSN 1476-5543.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e Anastasiadis, Kyriakos; Ratnatunga, Chandi (2007-06-07). The Thymus Gland: Diagnosis and Surgical Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-33426-2.
- ^ a b c d e Bang, Myung Hoon; Shin, JinShik; Lee, Kwan Seop; Kang, Min Jae (2018-04-06). "Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus in children". Medicine. 97 (14). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010282. ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 5902273. PMID 29620644.
- ^ Han, Bokyung K.; Yoon, H.-K.; Suh, Yeon-Lim (2001-07-01). "Thymic ultrasound". Pediatric Radiology. 31 (7): 480–487. doi:10.1007/s002470100468. ISSN 1432-1998.
- ^ Yildiz, Adalet Elcin; Ceyhan, Koray; Sıklar, Zeynep; Bilir, Pelin; Yağmurlu, Emin Aydın; Berberoğlu, Merih; Fitoz, Suat (2015-09). "Intrathyroidal Ectopic Thymus in Children: Retrospective Analysis of Grayscale and Doppler Sonographic Features". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 34 (9): 1651–1656. doi:10.7863/ultra.15.14.10041. ISSN 1550-9613. PMID 26269296.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Philadelphia, The Children's Hospital of (2016-04-11). "Neck Masses". www.chop.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ Schloegel, Luke J.; Gottschall, Joshua A. (2009-03-01). "Ectopic cervical thymus: Is empiric surgical excision necessary?". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 73 (3): 475–479. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.031. ISSN 0165-5876.
- ^ Marx, A.; Rüdiger, T.; Rößner, E.; Tzankov, A.; de Montpréville, V. T.; Rieker, R. R.; Ströbel, P.; Weis, C.‑A. (2018-09-01). "Ektopien des Thymus und ektope Thymustumoren". Der Pathologe (in German). 39 (5): 390–397. doi:10.1007/s00292-018-0485-z. ISSN 1432-1963.
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