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'''Stacy McGaugh''' (born January 11, 1964) is an [[United States|American]] [[astronomer]] and professor in the Department of Astronomy at [[Case Western Reserve University]] in Cleveland, Ohio. His fields of specialty include [[Low surface brightness galaxy|low surface brightness galaxies]],<ref>Bothun, G., Impey, C., & McGaugh, S. 1997, PASP, 109, 745 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109..745B "Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies: Hidden Galaxies Revealed"].</ref> [[galaxy formation and evolution]],<ref>McGaugh, S.S. (1998) [http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/McGaugh/frames.html "How Galaxies Don't Form"]</ref> tests of [[dark matter]]<ref>McGaugh, S.S., & de Blok, W.J.G. 1998, ApJ, 499, 41 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...499...41M "Testing the Dark Matter Hypothesis with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence"]</ref> and [[MOND|alternative hypotheses]],<ref>Sanders, Robert H.; McGaugh, Stacy S. (2002). [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ARA%26A..40..263S "Modified Newtonian Dynamics as an Alternative to Dark Matter".] ''Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics'', '''40''', 263-317.</ref><ref>Famaey, B., & McGaugh, S.S. 2012, Living Reviews in Relativity, 15, 10. [http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2012-10/ "Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions"]</ref> and measurements of [[Physical cosmology|cosmological parameters]].<ref>McGaugh, Stacy S. (1999). [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ARA%26A..40..263S "Distinguishing between Cold Dark Matter and Modified Newtonian Dynamics: Predictions for the Microwave Background".] ''The Astrophysical Journal'', '''523''', L99-L102.</ref>
'''Stacy McGaugh''' (born January 11, 1964) is an [[United States|American]] [[astronomer]] and professor in the Department of Astronomy at [[Case Western Reserve University]] in Cleveland, Ohio. His fields of specialty include [[Low surface brightness galaxy|low surface brightness galaxies]],<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bothun | first=G. | last2=Impey | first2=C. | last3=McGaugh | first3=S. | title=Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies: Hidden Galaxies Revealed | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=109 | year=1997 | issn=0004-6280 | doi=10.1086/133941 | page=745|bibcode=1997PASP..109..745B}}</ref> [[galaxy formation and evolution]],<ref>McGaugh, S.S. (1998) [http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/McGaugh/frames.html "How Galaxies Don't Form"]</ref> tests of [[dark matter]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | last2=de Blok | first2=W. J. G. | title=Testing the Dark Matter Hypothesis with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=499 | issue=1 | date=1998-05-20 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/305612 | pages=41–65|arxiv=astro-ph/9801123|bibcode=1998ApJ...499...41M}}</ref> and [[MOND|alternative hypotheses]],<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sanders | first=Robert H. | last2=McGaugh | first2=Stacy S. | title=Modified Newtonian Dynamics as an Alternative to Dark Matter | journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=40 | issue=1 | year=2002 | issn=0066-4146 | doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.40.060401.093923 | pages=263–317|arxiv=astro-ph/0204521|bibcode=2002ARA&A..40..263S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Famaey | first=Benoît | last2=McGaugh | first2=Stacy S. | title=Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions | journal=Living Reviews in Relativity | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=15 | issue=1 | date=2012-09-07 | issn=2367-3613 | doi=10.12942/lrr-2012-10 | page=10|doi-access=free|arxiv=1112.3960}}</ref> and measurements of [[Physical cosmology|cosmological parameters]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | title=Distinguishing between Cold Dark Matter and Modified Newtonian Dynamics: Predictions for the Microwave Background | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=523 | issue=2 | date=1999-10-01 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/312274 | pages=L99–L102|arxiv=astro-ph/9907409|bibcode=1999ApJ...523L..99M}}</ref>


Stacy McGaugh was an undergraduate student at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] (S.B. 1985) and a graduate student at [[Princeton University|Princeton]] and the [[University of Michigan]] (Ph.D. 1992). He held postdoctoral appointments at [[Cambridge University]], the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], and [[Rutgers University]] before joining the faculty of the [[University of Maryland]] in 1998. He moved to [[Case Western]] in 2012. He is married with two children. He is a Distinguished Alumnus of Flint (Michigan) Northern High School (2001) and of the Astronomy Department of the University of Michigan (2013).
Stacy McGaugh was an undergraduate student at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] (S.B. 1985) and a graduate student at [[Princeton University|Princeton]] and the [[University of Michigan]] (Ph.D. 1992). He held postdoctoral appointments at [[Cambridge University]], the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], and [[Rutgers University]] before joining the faculty of the [[University of Maryland]] in 1998. He moved to [[Case Western]] in 2012. He is married with two children. He is a Distinguished Alumnus of Flint (Michigan) Northern High School (2001) and of the Astronomy Department of the University of Michigan (2013).


Known in the field of [[extragalactic astronomy]] for his early work on [[Low-surface-brightness galaxy|Low Surface Brightness Galaxies]]<ref>McGaugh, S.S. 1994, ApJ, 426, 135 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApJ...426..135M "Oxygen abundances in low surface brightness disk galaxies"]</ref> and the elemental abundances in [[H&nbsp;II region|HII Regions]],<ref>McGaugh, S.S. 1991, ApJ, 380, 140. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...380..140M "H II region abundances – Model oxygen line ratios"]</ref> McGaugh has also contributed to the study of the kinematics of galaxies, being among the first to point out that low surface brightness galaxies are dark matter dominated and that they pose the [[cuspy halo problem]].<ref>de Blok, W.J.G., McGaugh, S.S., & van der Hulst, J.M. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 18. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.283...18D "HI Observations of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: Probing Low Density Galaxies"]</ref> He also coined the expression "baryonic [[Tully–Fisher relation]].<ref>McGaugh, S.S., Schombert, J.M., Bothun, G.D., & de Blok, W.J.G. 2000, ApJ, 533, L99 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...533L..99M "The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation"]</ref>" He predicted the first to second peak amplitude ratio of the acoustic power spectrum of the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation]].<ref>McGaugh, S.S. 1999, ApJ, 523, L99 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...523L..99M "Distinguishing Between CDM and MOND: Predictions for the Microwave Background"]</ref><ref>McGaugh, S.S. 2000, ApJ, 541, L33 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...541L..33M "BOOMERanG Data Suggest a Purely Baryonic Universe"]</ref> McGaugh found surprising support for the [[Modified Newtonian dynamics]] proposed by [[Mordehai Milgrom]] as an alternative to [[Dark matter]] in his work on [[Low-surface-brightness galaxy|Low Surface Brightness Galaxies]].<ref>McGaugh, S.S., & de Blok, W.J.G. 1998, ApJ, 499, 66 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...499...66M "Testing the Hypothesis of Modified Dynamics with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence"]</ref><ref>McGaugh, S.S. 2011, Phys. Rev. Lett., 106, 121303 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvL.106l1303M "A Novel Test of the Modified Newtonian Dynamics with Gas Rich Galaxies"]</ref> This has proven to be very controversial since it implies the non-existence of the non-baryonic [[dark matter]] that is central to [[physical cosmology]].
Known in the field of [[extragalactic astronomy]] for his early work on [[Low-surface-brightness galaxy|Low Surface Brightness Galaxies]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | title=Oxygen abundances in low surface brightness disk galaxies | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=426 | year=1994 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/174049 | page=135|arxiv=astro-ph/9311064|bibcode=1994ApJ...426..135M}}</ref> and the elemental abundances in [[H&nbsp;II region|HII Regions]],<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | title=H II region abundances - Model oxygen line ratios | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=380 | year=1991 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/170569 | page=140|bibcode=1991ApJ...380..140M}}</ref> McGaugh has also contributed to the study of the kinematics of galaxies, being among the first to point out that low surface brightness galaxies are dark matter dominated and that they pose the [[cuspy halo problem]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=de Blok | first=W. J. G. | last2=McGaugh | first2=S. S. | last3=van der Hulst | first3=J. M. | title=H I observations of low surface brightness galaxies: probing low-density galaxies | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=283 | issue=1 | date=1996-10-21 | issn=0035-8711 | doi=10.1093/mnras/283.1.18 | pages=18–54|arxiv=astro-ph/9605069|bibcode=1996MNRAS.283...18D}}</ref> He also coined the expression "baryonic [[Tully–Fisher relation]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=S. S. | last2=Schombert | first2=J. M. | last3=Bothun | first3=G. D. | last4=de Blok | first4=W. J. G. | title=The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=533 | issue=2 | date=2000-04-20 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/312628 | pages=L99–L102|arxiv=astro-ph/0003001|bibcode=2000ApJ...533L..99M}}</ref>" He predicted the first to second peak amplitude ratio of the acoustic power spectrum of the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | title=Distinguishing between Cold Dark Matter and Modified Newtonian Dynamics: Predictions for the Microwave Background | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=523 | issue=2 | date=1999-10-01 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/312274 | pages=L99–L102|arxiv=astro-ph/9907409|bibcode=1999ApJ...523L..99M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | title=Boomerang Data Suggest a Purely Baryonic Universe | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=541 | issue=2 | date=2000-10-01 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/312902 | pages=L33–L36|arxiv=astro-ph/0008188|bibcode=2000ApJ...541L..33M}}</ref> McGaugh found surprising support for the [[Modified Newtonian dynamics]] proposed by [[Mordehai Milgrom]] as an alternative to [[Dark matter]] in his work on [[Low-surface-brightness galaxy|Low Surface Brightness Galaxies]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | last2=de Blok | first2=W. J. G. | title=Testing the Hypothesis of Modified Dynamics with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=499 | issue=1 | date=1998-05-20 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/305629 | pages=66–81|arxiv=astro-ph/9801102|bibcode=1998ApJ...499...66M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | title=Novel Test of Modified Newtonian Dynamics with Gas Rich Galaxies | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=106 | issue=12 | date=2011-03-21 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.106.121303 | page=121303|arxiv=1102.3913|bibcode=2011PhRvL.106l1303M}}</ref> This has proven to be very controversial since it implies the non-existence of the non-baryonic [[dark matter]] that is central to [[physical cosmology]].
Nevertheless, his predictions for the mass distribution of the [[Milky Way]]<ref>2008, ApJ, 683, 137 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...683..137M "Milky Way Mass Models and MOND"]</ref> and the velocity dispersions of the [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf Spheroidal satellites]] of the Andromeda spiral galaxy<ref>McGaugh, S.S., & Milgrom, M. 2013, ApJ, 766, 22 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...766...22M "Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of Modified Newtonian Dynamics"]</ref> have largely been confirmed by subsequent observations.<ref>Bovy, J., & Rix, H.-W. 2013, arXiv:1309.0809 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013arXiv1309.0809B "A direct dynamical measurement of the Milky Way's disk surface density profile, disk scale length, and dark matter profile at 4 kpc < R < 9 kpc"]</ref><ref>McGaugh, S.S., & Milgrom, M. 2013, ApJ, 775, 139 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013arXiv1308.5894M "Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of MOND. II. Testing Prior Predictions"]</ref>
Nevertheless, his predictions for the mass distribution of the [[Milky Way]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy S. | title=Milky Way Mass Models and MOND | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=683 | issue=1 | date=2008-08-10 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/589148 | pages=137–148|arxiv=0804.1314|bibcode=2008ApJ...683..137M}}</ref> and the velocity dispersions of the [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf Spheroidal satellites]] of the Andromeda spiral galaxy<ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy | last2=Milgrom | first2=Mordehai | title=Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of Modified Newtonian Dynamics | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=766 | issue=1 | date=2013-03-04 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1088/0004-637x/766/1/22 | page=22|arxiv=1301.0822|bibcode=2013ApJ...766...22M}}</ref> have largely been confirmed by subsequent observations.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bovy | first=Jo | last2=Rix | first2=Hans-Walter | title=A direct dynamical measurement of the Milky Way's disk surface density profile, disk scale length, and dark matter profile at 4 kpc < R < 9 kpc | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=779 | issue=2 | date=2013-12-02 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/115 | page=115|arxiv=1309.0809|bibcode=2013ApJ...779..115B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=McGaugh | first=Stacy | last2=Milgrom | first2=Mordehai | title=Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of MOND. II. Testing Prior Predictions | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=775 | issue=2 | date=2013-09-16 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1088/0004-637x/775/2/139 | page=139|arxiv=1308.5894|bibcode=2013ApJ...775..139M}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 20:36, 3 May 2020

Stacy McGaugh
Born(1964-01-11)January 11, 1964
NationalityAmerican
Alma materMIT (S.B. 1985),
Princeton and the University of Michigan (Ph.D. 1992)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions

Stacy McGaugh (born January 11, 1964) is an American astronomer and professor in the Department of Astronomy at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. His fields of specialty include low surface brightness galaxies,[1] galaxy formation and evolution,[2] tests of dark matter[3] and alternative hypotheses,[4][5] and measurements of cosmological parameters.[6]

Stacy McGaugh was an undergraduate student at MIT (S.B. 1985) and a graduate student at Princeton and the University of Michigan (Ph.D. 1992). He held postdoctoral appointments at Cambridge University, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Rutgers University before joining the faculty of the University of Maryland in 1998. He moved to Case Western in 2012. He is married with two children. He is a Distinguished Alumnus of Flint (Michigan) Northern High School (2001) and of the Astronomy Department of the University of Michigan (2013).

Known in the field of extragalactic astronomy for his early work on Low Surface Brightness Galaxies[7] and the elemental abundances in HII Regions,[8] McGaugh has also contributed to the study of the kinematics of galaxies, being among the first to point out that low surface brightness galaxies are dark matter dominated and that they pose the cuspy halo problem.[9] He also coined the expression "baryonic Tully–Fisher relation.[10]" He predicted the first to second peak amplitude ratio of the acoustic power spectrum of the Cosmic microwave background radiation.[11][12] McGaugh found surprising support for the Modified Newtonian dynamics proposed by Mordehai Milgrom as an alternative to Dark matter in his work on Low Surface Brightness Galaxies.[13][14] This has proven to be very controversial since it implies the non-existence of the non-baryonic dark matter that is central to physical cosmology. Nevertheless, his predictions for the mass distribution of the Milky Way[15] and the velocity dispersions of the dwarf Spheroidal satellites of the Andromeda spiral galaxy[16] have largely been confirmed by subsequent observations.[17][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bothun, G.; Impey, C.; McGaugh, S. (1997). "Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies: Hidden Galaxies Revealed". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 109. IOP Publishing: 745. Bibcode:1997PASP..109..745B. doi:10.1086/133941. ISSN 0004-6280.
  2. ^ McGaugh, S.S. (1998) "How Galaxies Don't Form"
  3. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S.; de Blok, W. J. G. (May 20, 1998). "Testing the Dark Matter Hypothesis with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence". The Astrophysical Journal. 499 (1). IOP Publishing: 41–65. arXiv:astro-ph/9801123. Bibcode:1998ApJ...499...41M. doi:10.1086/305612. ISSN 0004-637X.
  4. ^ Sanders, Robert H.; McGaugh, Stacy S. (2002). "Modified Newtonian Dynamics as an Alternative to Dark Matter". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 40 (1). Annual Reviews: 263–317. arXiv:astro-ph/0204521. Bibcode:2002ARA&A..40..263S. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.40.060401.093923. ISSN 0066-4146.
  5. ^ Famaey, Benoît; McGaugh, Stacy S. (September 7, 2012). "Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions". Living Reviews in Relativity. 15 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 10. arXiv:1112.3960. doi:10.12942/lrr-2012-10. ISSN 2367-3613.
  6. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S. (October 1, 1999). "Distinguishing between Cold Dark Matter and Modified Newtonian Dynamics: Predictions for the Microwave Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 523 (2). IOP Publishing: L99–L102. arXiv:astro-ph/9907409. Bibcode:1999ApJ...523L..99M. doi:10.1086/312274. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S. (1994). "Oxygen abundances in low surface brightness disk galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 426. IOP Publishing: 135. arXiv:astro-ph/9311064. Bibcode:1994ApJ...426..135M. doi:10.1086/174049. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S. (1991). "H II region abundances - Model oxygen line ratios". The Astrophysical Journal. 380. IOP Publishing: 140. Bibcode:1991ApJ...380..140M. doi:10.1086/170569. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ de Blok, W. J. G.; McGaugh, S. S.; van der Hulst, J. M. (October 21, 1996). "H I observations of low surface brightness galaxies: probing low-density galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 283 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 18–54. arXiv:astro-ph/9605069. Bibcode:1996MNRAS.283...18D. doi:10.1093/mnras/283.1.18. ISSN 0035-8711.
  10. ^ McGaugh, S. S.; Schombert, J. M.; Bothun, G. D.; de Blok, W. J. G. (April 20, 2000). "The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation". The Astrophysical Journal. 533 (2). IOP Publishing: L99–L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0003001. Bibcode:2000ApJ...533L..99M. doi:10.1086/312628. ISSN 0004-637X.
  11. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S. (October 1, 1999). "Distinguishing between Cold Dark Matter and Modified Newtonian Dynamics: Predictions for the Microwave Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 523 (2). IOP Publishing: L99–L102. arXiv:astro-ph/9907409. Bibcode:1999ApJ...523L..99M. doi:10.1086/312274. ISSN 0004-637X.
  12. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S. (October 1, 2000). "Boomerang Data Suggest a Purely Baryonic Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 541 (2). IOP Publishing: L33–L36. arXiv:astro-ph/0008188. Bibcode:2000ApJ...541L..33M. doi:10.1086/312902. ISSN 0004-637X.
  13. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S.; de Blok, W. J. G. (May 20, 1998). "Testing the Hypothesis of Modified Dynamics with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence". The Astrophysical Journal. 499 (1). IOP Publishing: 66–81. arXiv:astro-ph/9801102. Bibcode:1998ApJ...499...66M. doi:10.1086/305629. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S. (March 21, 2011). "Novel Test of Modified Newtonian Dynamics with Gas Rich Galaxies". Physical Review Letters. 106 (12). American Physical Society (APS): 121303. arXiv:1102.3913. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106l1303M. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.121303. ISSN 0031-9007.
  15. ^ McGaugh, Stacy S. (August 10, 2008). "Milky Way Mass Models and MOND". The Astrophysical Journal. 683 (1). IOP Publishing: 137–148. arXiv:0804.1314. Bibcode:2008ApJ...683..137M. doi:10.1086/589148. ISSN 0004-637X.
  16. ^ McGaugh, Stacy; Milgrom, Mordehai (March 4, 2013). "Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of Modified Newtonian Dynamics". The Astrophysical Journal. 766 (1). IOP Publishing: 22. arXiv:1301.0822. Bibcode:2013ApJ...766...22M. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/766/1/22. ISSN 0004-637X.
  17. ^ Bovy, Jo; Rix, Hans-Walter (December 2, 2013). "A direct dynamical measurement of the Milky Way's disk surface density profile, disk scale length, and dark matter profile at 4 kpc < R < 9 kpc". The Astrophysical Journal. 779 (2). IOP Publishing: 115. arXiv:1309.0809. Bibcode:2013ApJ...779..115B. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/115. ISSN 0004-637X.
  18. ^ McGaugh, Stacy; Milgrom, Mordehai (September 16, 2013). "Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of MOND. II. Testing Prior Predictions". The Astrophysical Journal. 775 (2). IOP Publishing: 139. arXiv:1308.5894. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775..139M. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/775/2/139. ISSN 0004-637X.

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