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The '''Polygalaceae''' or the '''milkwort''' [[family (biology)|family]] are made up of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Fabales]]. They have a [[cosmopolitan range|near-cosmopolitan range]], with about 21 genera and ''ca''. 900 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2016 | title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=261 | pages=201–217 | url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue=3 | doi-access=free }}</ref> of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. Over half of the species are in one genus, ''[[Polygala]]'', the [[milkwort]]s.
The '''Polygalaceae''' or the '''milkwort''' [[family (biology)|family]] are made up of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Fabales]]. They have a [[cosmopolitan range|near-cosmopolitan range]], with about 21 genera and ''ca''. 900 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2016 | title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=261 | pages=201–217 | url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue=3 | doi-access=free }}</ref> of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. Over half of the species are in one genus, ''[[Polygala]]'', the [[milkwort]]s.


The family was first described in&nbsp;1809 by [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Johann Hoffmansegg]] and [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Johann Link]].<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |author1=Harvard University |author2=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |author3=Australian National Herbarium |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/30000688-2 |website=International Plant Names Index |accessdate=July 16, 2020}}</ref> In&nbsp;1896, [[Robert Chodat]] split it into 3&nbsp;tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe [[Polygaleae]] in&nbsp;1992.<ref name="split1992">{{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Bente |title=Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1993 |volume=186 |issue=1/2 |pages=33-55 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23674643?seq=1 |accessdate=July 16, 2020 |issn=0378-2697}}</ref> Under the [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the family belongs in Fabales.
The family was first described in&nbsp;1809 by [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Johann Hoffmansegg]] and [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Johann Link]].<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |author1=Harvard University |author2=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |author3=Australian National Herbarium |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/30000688-2 |website=International Plant Names Index |accessdate=July 16, 2020}}</ref> In&nbsp;1896, [[Robert Chodat]] split it into 3&nbsp;tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe [[Polygaleae]] in&nbsp;1992.<ref name="split1992">{{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Bente |title=Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1993 |volume=186 |issue=1/2 |pages=33–55 |doi=10.1007/BF00937712 |jstor=23674643 |s2cid=32590790 |issn=0378-2697}}</ref> Under the [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the family belongs in Fabales.


==Description==
==Description==
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==Tribes and genera==
==Tribes and genera==
The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,<ref name=potw>{{cite web |title=''Polygalaceae'' Hoffmanns. & Link |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000688-2 |accessdate=2020-04-14 }}</ref> with tribes based on various sources.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Abbott JR. | year=2011 | title=Notes on the disintegration of ''Polygala'' (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America | journal= Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=125–137 | jstor=41972495}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Pastore JFB. | year=2012 | title=''Caamembeca'': Generic status and new name for ''Polygala'' subgenus ''Ligustrina'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=67 | issue=3 | pages=435–442 | doi=10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL | year=2013 | title=Generic status and lectotypifications for ''Gymnospora'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Novon]] | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=304–306 | url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694 | doi=10.3417/2010113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Abbott JR, Pastore JF | year=2015 | title=Preliminary synopsis of the genus ''Hebecarpa'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=70 | issue=3 | pages=39 | doi=10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Freire-Fierro A. | date=2015 | title=Systematics of ''Monnina'' (Polygalaceae) | publisher=Drexel University | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | accessdate=2017-03-19 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195921/http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | archivedate=2017-03-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Caamembeca">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C | year=2017 | title=A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in ''Caamembeca'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=54–62 | doi=10.1600/036364417X694935}}</ref>
The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,<ref name=potw>{{cite web |title=''Polygalaceae'' Hoffmanns. & Link |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000688-2 |accessdate=2020-04-14 }}</ref> with tribes based on various sources.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Abbott JR. | year=2011 | title=Notes on the disintegration of ''Polygala'' (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America | journal= Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=125–137 | jstor=41972495}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Pastore JFB. | year=2012 | title=''Caamembeca'': Generic status and new name for ''Polygala'' subgenus ''Ligustrina'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=67 | issue=3 | pages=435–442 | doi=10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x| s2cid=19252598 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL | year=2013 | title=Generic status and lectotypifications for ''Gymnospora'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Novon]] | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=304–306 | url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694 | doi=10.3417/2010113| s2cid=85269764 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Abbott JR, Pastore JF | year=2015 | title=Preliminary synopsis of the genus ''Hebecarpa'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=70 | issue=3 | pages=39 | doi=10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2| s2cid=22601207 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Freire-Fierro A. | date=2015 | title=Systematics of ''Monnina'' (Polygalaceae) | publisher=Drexel University | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | accessdate=2017-03-19 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195921/http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | archivedate=2017-03-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Caamembeca">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C | year=2017 | title=A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in ''Caamembeca'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=54–62 | doi=10.1600/036364417X694935| s2cid=90353852 }}</ref>


*Carpolobieae <small>Eriksen</small>
*Carpolobieae <small>Eriksen</small>
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==Systematics==
==Systematics==
Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Caamembeca"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Persson C. | year=2001 | title=Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the ''trnL''–''F'' region | journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume=50 | issue=3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5) | pages=763–779 | doi=10.2307/1223706 | jstor=1223706}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA | year=2007 | title=The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] | volume=61 | issue=7 | pages=1675–1694 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x| pmid=17598748 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA | year=2009 | title=Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using ''matK'' and ''rbcL'' sequence data | journal=[[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=102–114 | doi=10.1600/036364409787602348}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Abbott JR. | date=2009 | title=''Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of'' Badiera | publisher=University of Florida | url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041138/abbott_j.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VS | year=2015 | title=Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of ''Epirixanthes'' | journal=[[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume=102 | issue=4 | pages=598–608 | url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/4/598.abstract | doi=10.3732/ajb.1400549| pmid=25878092 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Caamembeca"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Persson C. | year=2001 | title=Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the ''trnL''–''F'' region | journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume=50 | issue=3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5) | pages=763–779 | doi=10.2307/1223706 | jstor=1223706}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA | year=2007 | title=The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] | volume=61 | issue=7 | pages=1675–1694 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x| pmid=17598748 | s2cid=37523521 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA | year=2009 | title=Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using ''matK'' and ''rbcL'' sequence data | journal=[[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=102–114 | doi=10.1600/036364409787602348| s2cid=85655712 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Abbott JR. | date=2009 | title=''Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of'' Badiera | publisher=University of Florida | url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041138/abbott_j.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VS | year=2015 | title=Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of ''Epirixanthes'' | journal=[[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume=102 | issue=4 | pages=598–608 | url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/4/598.abstract | doi=10.3732/ajb.1400549| pmid=25878092 | doi-access=free }}</ref>


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Revision as of 22:43, 22 August 2020

Polygalaceae
Securidaca longipedunculata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Polygalaceae
Hoffmanns. & Link[1]
Type genus
Polygala
Tribes

See text.

Distribution of the Polygalaceae
Synonyms
  • Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh
  • Moutabeaceae Pfeiffer
  • Xanthophyllaceae Reveal & Hoogland

The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 21 genera and ca. 900 known species[2] of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.

The family was first described in 1809 by Johann Hoffmansegg and Johann Link.[3] In 1896, Robert Chodat split it into 3 tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe Polygaleae in 1992.[4] Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.

Description

Polygalaceae are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, shrublets, and small trees. Its zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, bisexual flowers have 3-5 petals and 5 sepals.[5][6] Its leaves are usually alternate, but may be opposite, fascicled, or verticillate.[5] Each flower usually contains 8 stamens, though this may range from 3 to 10. They are usually in 2 series.[6] The fruits of each plant can be a capsule, samara, or drupe.[5]

Tribes and genera

The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,[5] with tribes based on various sources.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Fossils

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[12][13][14][15][16][17]

References

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Harvard University; Royal Botanic Gardens Kew; Australian National Herbarium. "Polygalaceae". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  4. ^ Eriksen, Bente (1993). "Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 186 (1/2): 33–55. doi:10.1007/BF00937712. ISSN 0378-2697. JSTOR 23674643. S2CID 32590790.
  5. ^ a b c d "Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  6. ^ a b "Polygalaceae". Flora of Victoria. Government of Victoria, Australia. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  7. ^ Abbott JR. (2011). "Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5 (1): 125–137. JSTOR 41972495.
  8. ^ Pastore JFB. (2012). "Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 67 (3): 435–442. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x. S2CID 19252598.
  9. ^ Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL (2013). "Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae)". Novon. 22 (3): 304–306. doi:10.3417/2010113. S2CID 85269764.
  10. ^ Abbott JR, Pastore JF (2015). "Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 70 (3): 39. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2. S2CID 22601207.
  11. ^ Freire-Fierro A. (2015). Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) (Ph.D.). Drexel University. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  12. ^ a b Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae)". Syst Bot. 42 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1600/036364417X694935. S2CID 90353852.
  13. ^ Persson C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region". Taxon. 50 (3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5)): 763–779. doi:10.2307/1223706. JSTOR 1223706.
  14. ^ Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA (2007). "The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae)". Evolution. 61 (7): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x. PMID 17598748. S2CID 37523521.
  15. ^ Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA (2009). "Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data". Syst Bot. 34 (1): 102–114. doi:10.1600/036364409787602348. S2CID 85655712.
  16. ^ Abbott JR. (2009). Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Florida.
  17. ^ Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VS (2015). "Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes". Am J Bot. 102 (4): 598–608. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400549. PMID 25878092.
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