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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de:Termitomyces heimii; see its history for attribution.
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{{Expand German|Termitomyces heimii|date=November 2016}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Termitomyces heimii.jpg
| image = Termitomyces heimii.jpg
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| species = '''''T. heimii'''''
| species = '''''T. heimii'''''
| binomial = ''Termitomyces heimii''
| binomial = ''Termitomyces heimii''
| Taxon_Autor = [[K. Natarajan|Natarajan]]<!-- 1979 -->
| binomial_authority = Natarajan (1979)}}
| binomial_authority = Natarajan (1979)}}


'''''Termitomyces heimii''''' is a species of [[agaric]] fungus in the family [[Lyophyllaceae]]. Described as new to science in 1979, it is found in India. The [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''heimii'' honors French mycologist [[Roger Heim]].<ref name="Natarajan 1979"/> The [[basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are [[edible mushroom|edible]].<ref name="Boa 2004"/>
'''''Termitomyces heimii''''' is a species of [[agaric]] fungus in the family [[Lyophyllaceae]]. It has symbiotic relationship with termites. Described as new to science in 1979, it is found in India. The [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''heimii'' honors French mycologist [[Roger Heim]].<ref name="Natarajan 1979"/> The [[basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are [[edible mushroom|edible]].<ref name="Boa 2004"/>


==References==
==Description==
{{Reflist|refs=


===Macroscopic features===
<ref name="Boa 2004">{{cite book |author=Boa E. |title=Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People (Non-Wood Forest Products) |publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN|year=2004 |page=140 |isbn=92-5-105157-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd2NlcNZgvcC&pg=PA140}}</ref>


The cap has a diameter of 8 to 12.5 centimeters with a smooth, silky white surface. It is gray in the middle, and turns brownish over time. It is arched convex to flat arched (plano-convex) with a distinct hump. The edge is curved. The up to 8 millimeters wide lamellae are free, white, turns pink over time with a sawn edge. Lamellettes are available.<ref name="Natarajan1979" /><ref name="Pegler1994" />
<ref name="Natarajan 1979">{{cite journal |author=Natarajan K. |title=South Indian Agaricales V: ''Termitomyces heimii'' |journal=Mycologia |year=1979 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=853–5 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0071/004/0853.htm |doi=10.2307/3759201|jstor=3759201 }}</ref>
The stem is up to 19 inches long and up to 2 inches thick, white, smooth, cylindrical, not hollow with a pronounced ring . It is extended like a root (pseudorhiza).<ref name="Natarajan1979" />
===Microscopic features===
The hyphae in the pulp are interwoven, thick-walled and up to 18 micrometers wide. The top layer of the hat consists of radially arranged hyphae up to 5 micrometers thick. The basidia are club-shaped, 19.5 to 21 micrometers long and 5.5 to 7 micrometers wide and have 2 to 4 sterigms . Pleurocystidia are rare, if present they are club-shaped, 46 by 18 micrometers in size. The spores are elliptical, smooth, translucent , inamyloid, and grow to 7 to 8.4 by 4.2 to 5.6 micrometers in size. There are no buckles . The spore print is pink.<ref name="Natarajan1979" />

==Ecology==

Like other ''Termitomyces'' species, the fungus lives symbiotically in and on termite nests.<ref name="Natarajan1979" /> It can be found on forests as well as cocoa, oil palm and rubber tree plantations, and also in gardens, orchards and pastures where termites of the genus ''Odontotermes'' occur. It grows in groups, often with more than 300 specimens, rooted in a single termite nest that can accommodate up to 40 or more mushroom chambers.<ref name="Pegler1994" /> The termites literally breed the mushroom, plant mushroom gardens and use it as food. The gardens are laid out in special chambers using excrement pills containing spores. The mycelium grows through the substrate (the accumulations of feces), and after a few weeks the fungus begins to form vegetative nodules that serve as food for the termites.<ref name="Mueller2005" />

==Distribution==

''Termitomyces heimii'' is common in South Asia.<ref name="Pegler1994" />

==Systematics and taxonomy==

''Termitomyces heimii'' was first described by K. Natarajan in 1979 . He found it on the Madras University campus . The specific epithet honors the French mycologist Roger Heim . The generic name refers to the close association of the fungus with termites.<ref name="Natarajan1979" />


==Use as food==

''Termitomyces heimii'' is considered to be one of the most sought-after wild mushrooms. It is mainly collected and sold in India, China, Malaysia and Nepal.<ref name="Pegler1994" /><ref name="Christensen2008" />

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Pegler1994">
{{Literatur
|Autor=Pegler, D. N., Vanhaecke, M.
|Titel=Termitomyces of Southeast Asia
|Sammelwerk=Kew Bulletin
|Band=49
|Datum=1994
|Seiten=717–736
|DOI=10.2307/4118066
|JSTOR=4118066}}
</ref>
<ref name="Christensen2008">
{{Literatur
|Autor=Christensen, M., Bhattarai, S., Devkota, S., Larsen, H.O.
|Titel=Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal
|Sammelwerk=Economic Botany
|Band=62
|Datum=2008
|Seiten=12–23
|DOI=10.1007/s12231-007-9000-9}}
</ref>
<ref name="Natarajan1979">
{{Literatur
|Autor=Natarajan K.
|Titel=South Indian Agaricales V: Termitomyces heimii
|Sammelwerk=Mycologia
|Band=71
|Datum=1979
|Seiten=853–855
|DOI=10.2307/3759201
|JSTOR=3759201}}
</ref>
<ref name="Mueller2005">
{{Literatur
|Autor=Ulrich G. Mueller, Nicole M. Gerardo, Duur K. Aanen, Diana L. Six, Ted R. Schultz
|Titel=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects
|Sammelwerk=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.
|Band=36
|Datum=2005
|Seiten=563–595
|DOI=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}
</ref>
</references>


}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 07:31, 14 September 2020

Termitomyces heimii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Lyophyllaceae
Genus:
Termitomyces
Species:
T. heimii
Binomial name
Termitomyces heimii
Natarajan (1979)

Termitomyces heimii is a species of agaric fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae. It has symbiotic relationship with termites. Described as new to science in 1979, it is found in India. The specific epithet heimii honors French mycologist Roger Heim.[1] The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are edible.[2]

Description

Macroscopic features

The cap has a diameter of 8 to 12.5 centimeters with a smooth, silky white surface. It is gray in the middle, and turns brownish over time. It is arched convex to flat arched (plano-convex) with a distinct hump. The edge is curved. The up to 8 millimeters wide lamellae are free, white, turns pink over time with a sawn edge. Lamellettes are available.[3][4] The stem is up to 19 inches long and up to 2 inches thick, white, smooth, cylindrical, not hollow with a pronounced ring . It is extended like a root (pseudorhiza).[3]

Microscopic features

The hyphae in the pulp are interwoven, thick-walled and up to 18 micrometers wide. The top layer of the hat consists of radially arranged hyphae up to 5 micrometers thick. The basidia are club-shaped, 19.5 to 21 micrometers long and 5.5 to 7 micrometers wide and have 2 to 4 sterigms . Pleurocystidia are rare, if present they are club-shaped, 46 by 18 micrometers in size. The spores are elliptical, smooth, translucent , inamyloid, and grow to 7 to 8.4 by 4.2 to 5.6 micrometers in size. There are no buckles . The spore print is pink.[3]

Ecology

Like other Termitomyces species, the fungus lives symbiotically in and on termite nests.[3] It can be found on forests as well as cocoa, oil palm and rubber tree plantations, and also in gardens, orchards and pastures where termites of the genus Odontotermes occur. It grows in groups, often with more than 300 specimens, rooted in a single termite nest that can accommodate up to 40 or more mushroom chambers.[4] The termites literally breed the mushroom, plant mushroom gardens and use it as food. The gardens are laid out in special chambers using excrement pills containing spores. The mycelium grows through the substrate (the accumulations of feces), and after a few weeks the fungus begins to form vegetative nodules that serve as food for the termites.[5]

Distribution

Termitomyces heimii is common in South Asia.[4]

Systematics and taxonomy

Termitomyces heimii was first described by K. Natarajan in 1979 . He found it on the Madras University campus . The specific epithet honors the French mycologist Roger Heim . The generic name refers to the close association of the fungus with termites.[3]


Use as food

Termitomyces heimii is considered to be one of the most sought-after wild mushrooms. It is mainly collected and sold in India, China, Malaysia and Nepal.[4][6]

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Natarajan 1979 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Boa 2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e Natarajan K. (1979), "South Indian Agaricales V: Termitomyces heimii", Mycologia, vol. 71, pp. 853–855, doi:10.2307/3759201, JSTOR 3759201
  4. ^ a b c d Pegler, D. N., Vanhaecke, M. (1994), "Termitomyces of Southeast Asia", Kew Bulletin, vol. 49, pp. 717–736, doi:10.2307/4118066, JSTOR 4118066{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Ulrich G. Mueller, Nicole M. Gerardo, Duur K. Aanen, Diana L. Six, Ted R. Schultz (2005), "The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects", Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., vol. 36, pp. 563–595, doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Christensen, M., Bhattarai, S., Devkota, S., Larsen, H.O. (2008), "Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal", Economic Botany, vol. 62, pp. 12–23, doi:10.1007/s12231-007-9000-9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


External links

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