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{{lang|es|La Llorona}} is sometimes conflated with {{lang|es|[[La Malinche]]}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Leal |first=Luis |author-link= |date=2005 |title=Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche |chapter=The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/feminism-nation-and-myth-la-malinche/oclc/607766319 |location= |publisher=Arte Publico Press |page=134 }}</ref> the [[Nahuas|Nahua]] woman who served as {{lang|es|[[Hernán Cortés]]|italic=no}}' interpreter and also bore his son.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Carnage_and_Culture.html?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=2007-12-18|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref> {{lang|es|La Malinche}} is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cypess |first=Sandra Messinger |year=1991 |title=La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin, TX |isbn=9780292751347 |ref=harv}}</ref>
{{lang|es|La Llorona}} is sometimes conflated with {{lang|es|[[La Malinche]]}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Leal |first=Luis |author-link= |date=2005 |title=Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche |chapter=The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/feminism-nation-and-myth-la-malinche/oclc/607766319 |location= |publisher=Arte Publico Press |page=134 }}</ref> the [[Nahuas|Nahua]] woman who served as {{lang|es|[[Hernán Cortés]]|italic=no}}' interpreter and also bore his son.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Carnage_and_Culture.html?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=2007-12-18|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref> {{lang|es|La Malinche}} is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cypess |first=Sandra Messinger |year=1991 |title=La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin, TX |isbn=9780292751347 |ref=harv}}</ref>


Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the folklore of both [[Iberian]] and [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous American]] cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between {{lang|es|La Llorona}} and the {{lang|nah|[[Cihuacōātl]]}} of [[Aztec mythology]],{{sfn|Werner|1997|p=753}} as well as [[Eve]] and [[Lilith]] of [[Hebrew mythology]].{{sfn|Norget|2006|p=146}} Author [[Ben Radford]]'s investigation into the legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}}, published in ''[[Mysterious New Mexico]]'', found common elements of the story in a German folktale dating from 1486.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Radford|first1=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|page=228|quote=While the classic image of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} was likely taken from an Aztec goddess named {{lang|nah|Cihuacōātl}}, the narrative of her legend has other origins. As Bacil Kirtley (1960) wrote in Western Folklore, "During the same decade that {{lang|es|La Llorona}} was first mentioned in Mexico, a story, seemingly already quite old, of '{{lang|de|Die Weisse Frau}}' ('The White Lady')—which reproduces many of the features consistently recurring in the more developed versions of '{{lang|es|La Llorona}}', was recorded in Germany"; references to {{lang|de|Die Weisse Frau}} date back as early as 1486. The story of the White Lady follows a virtually identical plot to the classical {{lang|es|La Llorona}} story.}}</ref>
Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the folklore of both [[Iberian]] and [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous American]] cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between {{lang|es|La Llorona}} and the {{lang|nah|[[Cihuacōātl]]}} of [[Aztec mythology]],{{sfn|Werner|1997|p=753}} as well as [[Eve]] and [[Lilith]] of [[Hebrew mythology]].{{sfn|Norget|2006|p=146}} Author [[Ben Radford]]'s investigation into the legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}}, published in ''[[Mysterious New Mexico]]'', found common elements of the story in a German folktale dating from 1486.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Radford|first1=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|page=228|quote=While the classic image of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} was likely taken from an Aztec goddess named {{lang|nah|Cihuacōātl}}, the narrative of her legend has other origins. As Bacil Kirtley (1960) wrote in Western Folklore, "During the same decade that {{lang|es|La Llorona}} was first mentioned in Mexico, a story, seemingly already quite old, of '{{lang|de|Die Weisse Frau}}' ('The White Lady')—which reproduces many of the features consistently recurring in the more developed versions of '{{lang|es|La Llorona}}', was recorded in Germany"; references to {{lang|de|Die Weisse Frau}} date back as early as 1486. The story of the White Lady follows a virtually identical plot to the classical {{lang|es|La Llorona}} story.}}</ref> {{lang|es|La Llorona}} also bears a resemblance to the ancient [[Greece|Greek]] tale of the [[demigod]]ess [[Lamia]],<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do">{{cite book|title=Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do|url=https://archive.org/details/folkloreinallofu0000unse|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/folkloreinallofu0000unse/page/110 110]|publisher=University of North Texas Press|isbn=9781574412239|year=2006}}</ref> in which [[Hera]], [[Zeus]]' wife, learned of his affair with Lamia and killed all the children Lamia had with Zeus.<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do" /> Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, legend has it that that Lamia now steals and eats other women's children.<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do" />


While the roots of the {{lang|es|La Llorona}} legend are probably pre-Hispanic,<ref>{{cite book |last=Leal |first=Luis |author-link= |date=2005 |title=Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche |chapter=The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/feminism-nation-and-myth-la-malinche/oclc/607766319 |location= |publisher=Arte Publico Press |page=134 }}</ref> the earliest published reference to the legend occurred in a sonnet written by Mexican poet [[Manuel Carpio]] in the late 1800s. The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is identified as the ghost of a woman who was murdered by her husband.{{sfn|Werner|1997|p=753}}
While the roots of the {{lang|es|La Llorona}} legend are probably pre-Hispanic,<ref>{{cite book |last=Leal |first=Luis |author-link= |date=2005 |title=Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche |chapter=The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/feminism-nation-and-myth-la-malinche/oclc/607766319 |location= |publisher=Arte Publico Press |page=134 }}</ref> the earliest published reference to the legend occurred in a sonnet written by Mexican poet [[Manuel Carpio]] in the late 1800s. The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is identified as the ghost of a woman who was murdered by her husband.{{sfn|Werner|1997|p=753}}
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=== In Mexico ===
=== In Mexico ===
The legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is deeply rooted in Mexican popular culture, her story told to children to encourage them not to wander after dark, and her spirit often evoked in Chicano art.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ibarra |first=Enrique Ajuria |date=2014 |title=The Gothic and the Everyday |chapter=Ghosting the Nation: La Llorona, Popular Culture, and the Spectral Anxiety of Mexican Identity |location=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137406644_8}}</ref> {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is the namesake of a yearly waterfront theatrical performance in Mexico City, established in 1993 to coincide with the Day of the Dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-weeping-woman-in-mexico |title=How Mexico's Most Sorrowful Spirit Became a Cultural Phenomenon |author=Winnie Lee |date=30 October 2019|website=atlasobscura.com |accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>
In Mexico, there are said to be ways to connect to La Llorona or to come into contact with her. One is to light red candles in a room whose walls are covered in mirrors. If one chants her name while lighting the candles, she will likely appear. Other accounts tell of her appearing when children are misbehaving, or near lakes and rivers in Mexico, searching for her children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.donquijote.org/mexican-culture/history/la-llorona/|title=La Llorona - A Mexican Ghost Story - donQuijote|website=www.donquijote.org|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>


=== In United States===
=== In United States===
In the [[Southwestern United States]], the story of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is told to scare children into good behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leddy |first=Betty |date=1988 |title=La Llorona in Southern Arizona |journal=Perspectives in
La Llorona's legend has seeped deep into Hispanic culture. The forms of the tale are diverse due to the wide range of geographical distance that Hispanics have traveled. She is deemed pathetic because her lover betrayed her and then her children died. This tragedy in the [[Chicano]] culture portrays a woman doomed to walk the earth for eternity. Hispanics also see La Llorona as an omen of supernatural danger. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirtley|first=Bacil F.|date=1960|title="La Llorona" and Related Themes|journal=Western Folklore|volume=19|issue=3|pages=155–168|doi=10.2307/1496370|jstor=1496370|issn=0043-373X}}</ref>
⚫
Mexican American Studies |volume=q |pages=9-16 |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/624782/pmas_01_9_16.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> In a specific instance, {{lang|es|La Llorona}} was used as a cautionary tale to deter children from playing too close to the [[acequia]] irrigation system which criss-crosses the region. <ref>{{cite journal | last1=Raheem | first1=N. | last2=Archambault | first2=S. | last3=Arellano | first3=E. | last4=Gonzales | first4=M. | last5=Kopp | first5=D. | last6=Rivera | first6=J. | last7=Guldan | first7=S. | last8=Boykin | first8=K. | last9=Oldham | first9=C. | last10=Valdez | first10=A. | last11=Colt | first11=S. | last12=Lamadrid | first12=E. | last13=Wang | first13=J. | last14=Price | first14=J. | last15=Goldstein | first15=J. | last16=Arnold | first16=P. | last17=Martin | first17=S. | last18=Dingwell | first18=E. | title=A framework for assessing ecosystem services in acequia irrigation communities of the Upper Río Grande watershed | journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water | publisher=Wiley | volume=2 | issue=5 | date=2015-06-08 | issn=2049-1948 | doi=10.1002/wat2.1091 | pages=559–575}}</ref>

⚫
In former Spanish colonial communities in the United States, the legend of La Llorona serves as a cautionary tale to deter children from playing too close to the [[acequia]] irrigation system which criss-crosses the region. <ref>{{cite journal | last1=Raheem | first1=N. | last2=Archambault | first2=S. | last3=Arellano | first3=E. | last4=Gonzales | first4=M. | last5=Kopp | first5=D. | last6=Rivera | first6=J. | last7=Guldan | first7=S. | last8=Boykin | first8=K. | last9=Oldham | first9=C. | last10=Valdez | first10=A. | last11=Colt | first11=S. | last12=Lamadrid | first12=E. | last13=Wang | first13=J. | last14=Price | first14=J. | last15=Goldstein | first15=J. | last16=Arnold | first16=P. | last17=Martin | first17=S. | last18=Dingwell | first18=E. | title=A framework for assessing ecosystem services in acequia irrigation communities of the Upper Río Grande watershed | journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water | publisher=Wiley | volume=2 | issue=5 | date=2015-06-08 | issn=2049-1948 | doi=10.1002/wat2.1091 | pages=559–575}}</ref>


====Similar folktales====
====Similar folktales====
The [[Chumash people|Chumash]] of Southern California have their own connection to {{lang|es|La Llorona}}. [[Chumash traditional narratives|Chumash mythology]] mentions {{lang|es|La Llorona}} when explaining {{lang|boi|nunašɨš}} (creatures of the other world) called the {{lang|boi|maxulaw}} or {{lang|boi|mamismis}}.<ref name=":1" /> Mythology says the Chumash believe in both the {{lang|boi|nunašɨš}} and {{lang|es|La Llorona}} and specifically hear the {{lang|boi|maxulaw}} cry up in the trees. The {{lang|boi|maxulaw}} cry is considered an omen of death.<ref name=":1" /> The {{lang|boi|maxulaw}} is described as looking like a cat with skin of rawhide leather.<ref name=":1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=e2lC7XcLrzoC&lpg=PP1&dq=december's%20child%20chumash&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false ed. Blackburn, Thomas C. "December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives" p. 93]</ref>
The [[Chumash people|Chumash]] of Southern California have their own connection to {{lang|es|La Llorona}}. In [[Chumash traditional narratives|Chumash mythology]] {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is linked to the {{lang|boi|nunašɨš}}, a mythological creature with a cry similar to a newborn baby.<ref name=":1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=e2lC7XcLrzoC&lpg=PP1&dq=december's%20child%20chumash&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false ed. Blackburn, Thomas C. "December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives" p. 93]</ref>

Outside the Americas, {{lang|es|La Llorona}} bears a resemblance to the ancient [[Greece|Greek]] tale of the demonic [[demigod]]ess [[Lamia]].<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do">{{cite book|title=Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do|url=https://archive.org/details/folkloreinallofu0000unse|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/folkloreinallofu0000unse/page/110 110]|publisher=University of North Texas Press|isbn=9781574412239|year=2006}}</ref> [[Hera]], Zeus' wife, learned of his affair with Lamia and, out of anger, killed all the children Lamia had with Zeus.<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do" /> Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, Lamia steals other women's children.<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do" /> In Greek mythology, [[Medea]] killed the two children fathered by [[Jason]] (one of the Argonauts) after he left her for another woman.


=== In Venezuela===
=== In Venezuela===

Revision as of 22:34, 7 October 2020

Actors representing La Llorona, 2003
For other uses, see La Llorona (disambiguation).

In Latin American folklore, La Llorona (pronounced [la ʝoˈɾona]; "The Weeping Woman" or "The Wailer") is a ghost who roams waterfront areas mourning her drowned children.[1]

In a typical version of the legend, a woman named Maria marries a rich man with whom she has two children. One day, Maria sees her husband with another woman and in a fit of rage she drowns their children, which she immediately regrets. Unable to save them, she drowns herself as well, but is unable to enter the afterlife without her children.[2] In another version of the story, her children are illegitimate, and she drowns them so that their father won't take them away to be raised by his wife.[3] Recurring themes in variations on the La Llorona myth include white dresses, nocturnal wailing, and an association with water.[4]

Origins

The legend of La Llorona is traditionally told throughout Latin America, including Mexico, Central and South America.[5] La Llorona is sometimes conflated with La Malinche,[6] the Nahua woman who served as Hernán Cortés' interpreter and also bore his son.[7] La Malinche is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish.[8]

Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the folklore of both Iberian and indigenous American cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between La Llorona and the Cihuacōātl of Aztec mythology,[5] as well as Eve and Lilith of Hebrew mythology.[9] Author Ben Radford's investigation into the legend of La Llorona, published in Mysterious New Mexico, found common elements of the story in a German folktale dating from 1486.[10] La Llorona also bears a resemblance to the ancient Greek tale of the demigodess Lamia,[11] in which Hera, Zeus' wife, learned of his affair with Lamia and killed all the children Lamia had with Zeus.[11] Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, legend has it that that Lamia now steals and eats other women's children.[11]

While the roots of the La Llorona legend are probably pre-Hispanic,[12] the earliest published reference to the legend occurred in a sonnet written by Mexican poet Manuel Carpio in the late 1800s. The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather La Llorona is identified as the ghost of a woman who was murdered by her husband.[5]

Per region

In Mexico

The legend of La Llorona is deeply rooted in Mexican popular culture, her story told to children to encourage them not to wander after dark, and her spirit often evoked in Chicano art.[13] La Llorona is the namesake of a yearly waterfront theatrical performance in Mexico City, established in 1993 to coincide with the Day of the Dead.[14]

In United States

In the Southwestern United States, the story of La Llorona is told to scare children into good behavior.[15] In a specific instance, La Llorona was used as a cautionary tale to deter children from playing too close to the acequia irrigation system which criss-crosses the region. [16]

Similar folktales

The Chumash of Southern California have their own connection to La Llorona. In Chumash mythology La Llorona is linked to the nunašɨš, a mythological creature with a cry similar to a newborn baby.[17]

In Venezuela

In Venezuela, the tale of La Llorona is set in the Venezuelan Llanos during the colonization period. La Llorona is said to be the spirit of a woman that died of sorrow after her children were killed either by her or her family.[18][19] The myth is similar to another Venezuelan ghost woman called La Sayona.[19]

In popular culture

La Llorona first appeared in film in René Cardona's 1960 La Llorona, based on the tale of La Llorona. A tale of a family cursed by the evil spirit of Luisa, this story's "weeping woman", the film was shot on location in Guanajuato, Mexico.

The plot of the 1961 Mexican film The Curse of the Crying Woman (La maldición de la llorona) involves the resurrection of the spirit of La Llorona.[20] La Llorona also appears as the main antagonist of the Mexican animated film La Leyenda de la Llorona.[21] Here, La Llorona is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, whose children die in an accident rather than at their mother's hands.

In 1995, Mexican playwright Josefina López wrote "Unconquered Spirits",[22] which uses the myth of La Llorona as a plot device. The play has two time periods. Act One takes place in 16th Century Mexico after the Spanish occupation. Here, Lopez takes inspiration from the "La Malinche" variation, with the heroine represented as a young Aztec girl brutally raped by a Spanish friar. She gave birth to twin boys as a result, and drowned them in the river to protect them rather than from spite. Act Two takes place in 1938 amidst the San Antonio pecan sheller's strike. A widowed mother who works at the pecan factory has an abortion after being raped by her white supervisor, resulting in a visit from La Llorona to give her the strength to fight back against her attacker. The play is noted for its sympathetic portrayal of La Llorona as a victim of oppression.

Nancy Farmer's 2002 science fiction novel, The House of the Scorpion, and its 2013 sequel The Lord of Opium, has a main character, Matt, make several references to La Llorona, often when retelling the story to other main characters or during self-reflection.

La Llorona appeared as the first antagonist in the 2005 pilot episode of the TV series Supernatural, and in a 2012 second season episode of the TV series Grimm.

The 2006 Mexican horror film Kilometer 31[23] is inspired by the legend of La Llorona, and the main evil entity in the film is based on her and her story.[24] Then 2006–07 saw a trilogy of low budget movies based on La Llorona:

La Llorona appeared as the primary antagonist in the 2007 movie J-ok'el,[28] and has also been the theme character of several of Universal Studios's haunted houses during their annual Halloween event, Halloween Horror Nights, at both the Hollywood and Orlando locations.[29]

In April 2019, James Wan, Gary Dauberman and Emilie Gladstone produced a film titled The Curse of La Llorona. The film is the sixth installment in The Conjuring Universe. It was released on April 19, 2019, by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was directed by Michael Chaves and stars Linda Cardellini, Raymond Cruz, Patricia Velasquez and Marisol Ramirez, who portrays the ghost.[30]

In August 2019, Jayro Bustamante directed the Guatemalan film La Llorona, starring María Mercedes Coroy. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival.[31]

See also

Analogues

References

  1. ^ Christine Delsol (9 October 2012). "Mexico's legend of La Llorona continues to terrify". sfgate.com. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  2. ^ Christine Delsol (9 October 2012). "Mexico's legend of La Llorona continues to terrify". sfgate.com. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  3. ^ Simerka, Barbara (2000). "Women Hollering: Contemporary Chicana Reinscriptions of La Llorona Mythography" (PDF). Confluencia. 16 (1): 49–58.
  4. ^ Carbonell, Ana María (1999). "From Llorona to Gritona: Coatlicue in Feminist Tales by Viramontes and Cisneros" (PDF). MELUS. 24 (2): 53–74.
  5. ^ a b c Werner 1997, p. 753.
  6. ^ Leal, Luis (2005). "The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth". Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche. Arte Publico Press. p. 134.
  7. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
  8. ^ Cypess, Sandra Messinger (1991). La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292751347. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  9. ^ Norget 2006, p. 146.
  10. ^ Radford, Ben (2014). Mysterious New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8263-5450-1. While the classic image of La Llorona was likely taken from an Aztec goddess named Cihuacōātl, the narrative of her legend has other origins. As Bacil Kirtley (1960) wrote in Western Folklore, "During the same decade that La Llorona was first mentioned in Mexico, a story, seemingly already quite old, of 'Die Weisse Frau' ('The White Lady')—which reproduces many of the features consistently recurring in the more developed versions of 'La Llorona', was recorded in Germany"; references to Die Weisse Frau date back as early as 1486. The story of the White Lady follows a virtually identical plot to the classical La Llorona story.
  11. ^ a b c Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do. University of North Texas Press. 2006. p. 110. ISBN 9781574412239.
  12. ^ Leal, Luis (2005). "The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth". Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche. Arte Publico Press. p. 134.
  13. ^ Ibarra, Enrique Ajuria (2014). "Ghosting the Nation: La Llorona, Popular Culture, and the Spectral Anxiety of Mexican Identity". The Gothic and the Everyday. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  14. ^ Winnie Lee (30 October 2019). "How Mexico's Most Sorrowful Spirit Became a Cultural Phenomenon". atlasobscura.com. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  15. ^ Leddy, Betty (1988). "La Llorona in Southern Arizona" (PDF). Perspectives in Mexican American Studies. q: 9–16. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |journal= at position 16 (help)
  16. ^ Raheem, N.; Archambault, S.; Arellano, E.; Gonzales, M.; Kopp, D.; Rivera, J.; Guldan, S.; Boykin, K.; Oldham, C.; Valdez, A.; Colt, S.; Lamadrid, E.; Wang, J.; Price, J.; Goldstein, J.; Arnold, P.; Martin, S.; Dingwell, E. (2015-06-08). "A framework for assessing ecosystem services in acequia irrigation communities of the Upper Río Grande watershed". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. 2 (5). Wiley: 559–575. doi:10.1002/wat2.1091. ISSN 2049-1948.
  17. ^ ed. Blackburn, Thomas C. "December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives" p. 93
  18. ^ Franco, Mercedes (2007). Diccionario de fantasmas, misterios y leyendas de Venezuela (in Spanish). El Nacional. ISBN 978-980-388-390-4.
  19. ^ a b Dinneen, Mark (2001). Culture and Customs of Venezuela. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30639-6.
  20. ^ "The Curse of the Crying Woman (1963)". IMDB.
  21. ^ "La Leyenda de la Llorona". iTunes.
  22. ^ Josephina Lopez. "Unconquered Spirits" (PDF). Dramatic Publishing.
  23. ^ "KM 31". Rotten Tomatoes.
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2020-06-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) February 15, 2007. Filmeweb.
  25. ^ "The River: Legend of La Llorona". IMDB.
  26. ^ "Revenge Of La Llorona Director's Cut". Amazon.
  27. ^ "The Curse of La Llorona (2007)". IMDB.
  28. ^ Mayra Adauto Gómez (Feb 27, 2007). "Presentan J-ok'el". Esmas.com. Retrieved Sep 13, 2011.
  29. ^ "La Llorona comes to "Halloween Horror Nights"". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  30. ^ "Bloody Disgusting about James Wan's The Curse of La Llorona". Bloody Disgusting.
  31. ^ "Toronto Adds The Aeronauts, Mosul, Seberg, & More To Festival Slate". Deadline. Retrieved 16 August 2019.

Bibliography

  • Perez, Domino Renee, There Was a Woman: La Llorona from Folklore to Popular Culture
  • Mathews, Holly F. 1992. The directive force of morality tales in a Mexican community. In Human motives and cultural models, edited by R.G.D'Andrade and C. Strauss, 127-62. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Norget, Kristin (2006). Days of Death, Days of Life: Ritual in the Popular Culture of Oaxaca. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13688-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Ray John De Aragon, The Legend of La Llorona, Sunstone Press, 2006. ISBN 9781466429796.
  • Belinda Vasquez Garcia, The Witch Narratives Reincarnation, Magic Prose Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-0-86534-505-8
  • Werner, Michael S. (1997). Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture - Vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-31-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

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