Barrioization: Difference between revisions
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[[File:El Paso's Second Ward, a Classic "Barrio" on the Border of Mexico ... (3887462571).jpg|thumb|326x326px|El Paso's [[El Segundo Barrio|Second Ward]], a ''Chicano'' neighborhood or ''barrio'' (1972).]] |
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'''Barrioization''' (sometimes spelled '''''barriorization''''') is a [[theory]] developed by [[Chicano]] scholars Albert Camarillo and Richard Griswold del Castillo to explain the historical formation and maintenance of ethnically [[Racial segregation|segregated]] neighborhoods of Chicanos and [[Latino (demonym)|Latinos]] in the [[United States]]. The term was first coined by Camarillo in his book ''Chicanos in a Changing Society'' (1979). The process was explained in the context of [[Los Angeles]] by Griswold del Castillo in ''The Los Angeles Barrio, 1850-1890: A Social History'' (1979).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le Texier|first=Emmanuelle|date=30 June 2003|title=Mobilizing in the Barrio: Conflicting Identities and the Language of Politics|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2x05s9vx|journal=Comparative Immigration Studies|volume=78|pages=11|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Camarillo|first=Albert|title=Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848-1930|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1996|isbn=9780674113978|location=|pages=|orig-year=1979}}</ref> Camarillo defined the term as "the formation of residentially and segregated Chicano barrios or neighbourhoods."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emmanouilidou|first=Sophia|title=Landscapes of Writing in Chicano Literature|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013|isbn=9781137353450|location=|pages=117|chapter=Barrio Vistas}}</ref> The term is used in the field of [[Human Geography]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Griswold del Castillo|first=Richard|title=The Los Angeles Barrio, 1850-1890: A Social History|publisher=University of California Press|year=1982|isbn=9780520047730|location=|pages=139-64|orig-year=1979|archive-date=}}</ref> |
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== Term == |
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'''Barrioization''' is a term used in the field of [[Human Geography]]. |
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''Barrioization'' stems from the word ''[[barrio]]'', Spanish for neighborhood or dependency of a city. The term was first used in the context of the so-called [[New World]] to describe Aztec [[Calpulli|''calpullis'']]. The capital city of the [[Aztec Empire]], [[Tenochtitlan]] had approximately 60 ''calpullis''. When the Spanish colonizers overran the city in 1519, they referred to the ''calpullis'' as ''barrios'', since at the time the word had about the same meaning in Spain. The first barrios were filled with [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous peoples]], particularly in what is now Mexico. Over time, ''barrio'' began to refer to areas of cities in [[Mexico]] where the laboring or [[working class]] lived, especially as this was the primary role Indigenous peoples played in colonial system.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== History == |
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It is defined by geographer James Curtis as the "dramatic" increase in [[Hispanic]] population in a given neighborhood. It is most likely to be related to the situation in the [[United States|United States of America]]. The origin of the word is ''barrio'', which is the Spanish word for neighborhood. |
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=== Los Angeles, California === |
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[[Pueblo de Los Ángeles|Pueblo de Los Angeles]] was founded 1781. Scholar Richard Griswold del Castillo states that while there is no evidence that the term barrio was used prior to 1848 in California, that the adjacent village of [[Yaanga]] "may have been considered a ''barrio''."<ref name=":1" /> The pueblo was built using labor from the local Indigenous village and was totally dependent on their labor for its survival.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Estrada|first=William David|title=The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2009|isbn=9780292782099|location=|pages=17, 35|quote=pg. 17 'Hence, the location of Yaanga near El Rio de la Porciuncula (Los Angeles River) was an essential prerequisite to the survival of Los Angeles.' pg. 35 'After Los Angeles was founded, the adjacent village of Yaanga served as the main source of labor for the pueblo and surrounding ranchos... In fact, as the demand for Indian labor grew, the Yaanga village began to look more like a refugee camp than a traditional community.'}}</ref> Following the Anglo-American invasion and occupation of Los Angeles, the term ''barrio'' took on new meaning. As early as 1872, Spanish-speaking editors were writing the problems of the ''barrio'' which the Anglos referred to as [[Sonoratown, Los Angeles|Sonoratown]]. The community was exploited for their labor and was a center for poverty, crime, and illness in the city, yet also existed as a place where Spanish-speaking residents could "feel at home and abandon the masks they wore in the Anglo world."<ref name=":1" /> |
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Over the last four [[decade]]s, the greatest migration flow into [[California]] and the south-western United States has come from Latin America and the Caribbean, especially Mexico. In the 2000 census, the city of Los Angeles had nearly 3.7 million residents, over 46% of whom were Hispanic, over 11% black or [[African American]], and 10% Asian (using Census categories for race and ethnicity). The Hispanic population in the city grew from accounting for 39.32% of the population in 1990 to 46% by 2000. |
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In 1860, [[Mexican Americans]] comprised about 75% of the entire population of the Los Angeles. The city was divided into rich and poor areas, and most recent Mexican immigrants lived in poorer districts, the largest of which was Sonoratown. Conversely, wealthy [[Californios]] lived in richer areas and moved away from the central plaza as Sonoratown expanded outward. Mexican Americans were segregated based on their limited access to property holdings and land investments in wealthier districts, which concentrated their property holdings in poorer areas of the city. While a small minority of Mexican Americans gained upward mobility, they "tended toward assimilation with Anglo-Americans" and therefore only diluted the potential strength of Mexican Americans politically. While not all Mexican Americans sought assimilation during the 19th century, many openly accepted whites into their organizations and clubs. Demographic changes in Los Angeles sharply decreased Mexican American political power by the late 19th century.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The area of south-eastern [[Los Angeles]] County is today "home to one of the largest and highest concentrations of Latinos in Southern California," according to a study by geographer James Curtis. 4 decades ago, this area of LA was populated by working-class whites who were segregated from the African American and Hispanic populations through discriminatory policies and practices such as [[blockbusting]] and [[redlining]]. Until the late 1960s, south-eastern LA was home to corporations such as [[General Motors]], [[Bethlehem Steel]], and Weiser Lock. During the 1970s and 1980s, the corporations began to close as the process of [[deindustrialization]] fundamentally changed where and how goods are produced. As plants closed and white labourers left the neighbourhoods, a Hispanic population migrated into south-eastern LA. A housing crunch followed by the 1980s, as more and more Hispanic population flowed into the region. With a cheap labour supply now readily available in the region again, companies returned, this time focusing on smaller-scale production of textiles, pharmaceuticals, furniture, and toys. In addition, the region attracted industrial-toxic waste disposal and petrochemical refining facilities. |
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In his study of the region, Curtis records the changes to the cultural landscape. He calls the change in neighbourhoods whereby the Hispanic population jumped from 4% in 1960 to over 90% Hispanic in 2000 a process of '''barrioization'''. With the huge growing of the Hispanic population, the cultural landscape also started to change. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references /> |
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* Human Geography - [[People, Place, and Culture]] by [[H.J. De Blij]] [[Alexander B. Murphy]], and [[Erin H. Fouberg]] |
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[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]] |
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]] |
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[[Category:Chicano]] |
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[[Category:Mexican-American history]] |
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Revision as of 21:41, 31 October 2020
Barrioization (sometimes spelled barriorization) is a theory developed by Chicano scholars Albert Camarillo and Richard Griswold del Castillo to explain the historical formation and maintenance of ethnically segregated neighborhoods of Chicanos and Latinos in the United States. The term was first coined by Camarillo in his book Chicanos in a Changing Society (1979). The process was explained in the context of Los Angeles by Griswold del Castillo in The Los Angeles Barrio, 1850-1890: A Social History (1979).[1][2] Camarillo defined the term as "the formation of residentially and segregated Chicano barrios or neighbourhoods."[3] The term is used in the field of Human Geography.[4]
Term
Barrioization stems from the word barrio, Spanish for neighborhood or dependency of a city. The term was first used in the context of the so-called New World to describe Aztec calpullis. The capital city of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan had approximately 60 calpullis. When the Spanish colonizers overran the city in 1519, they referred to the calpullis as barrios, since at the time the word had about the same meaning in Spain. The first barrios were filled with Indigenous peoples, particularly in what is now Mexico. Over time, barrio began to refer to areas of cities in Mexico where the laboring or working class lived, especially as this was the primary role Indigenous peoples played in colonial system.[4]
History
Los Angeles, California
Pueblo de Los Angeles was founded 1781. Scholar Richard Griswold del Castillo states that while there is no evidence that the term barrio was used prior to 1848 in California, that the adjacent village of Yaanga "may have been considered a barrio."[4] The pueblo was built using labor from the local Indigenous village and was totally dependent on their labor for its survival.[5] Following the Anglo-American invasion and occupation of Los Angeles, the term barrio took on new meaning. As early as 1872, Spanish-speaking editors were writing the problems of the barrio which the Anglos referred to as Sonoratown. The community was exploited for their labor and was a center for poverty, crime, and illness in the city, yet also existed as a place where Spanish-speaking residents could "feel at home and abandon the masks they wore in the Anglo world."[4]
In 1860, Mexican Americans comprised about 75% of the entire population of the Los Angeles. The city was divided into rich and poor areas, and most recent Mexican immigrants lived in poorer districts, the largest of which was Sonoratown. Conversely, wealthy Californios lived in richer areas and moved away from the central plaza as Sonoratown expanded outward. Mexican Americans were segregated based on their limited access to property holdings and land investments in wealthier districts, which concentrated their property holdings in poorer areas of the city. While a small minority of Mexican Americans gained upward mobility, they "tended toward assimilation with Anglo-Americans" and therefore only diluted the potential strength of Mexican Americans politically. While not all Mexican Americans sought assimilation during the 19th century, many openly accepted whites into their organizations and clubs. Demographic changes in Los Angeles sharply decreased Mexican American political power by the late 19th century.[4]
References
- ^ Le Texier, Emmanuelle (30 June 2003). "Mobilizing in the Barrio: Conflicting Identities and the Language of Politics". Comparative Immigration Studies. 78: 11.
- ^ Camarillo, Albert (1996) [1979]. Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848-1930. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674113978.
- ^ Emmanouilidou, Sophia (2013). "Barrio Vistas". Landscapes of Writing in Chicano Literature. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 117. ISBN 9781137353450.
- ^ a b c d e Griswold del Castillo, Richard (1982) [1979]. The Los Angeles Barrio, 1850-1890: A Social History. University of California Press. pp. 139–64. ISBN 9780520047730.
- ^ Estrada, William David (2009). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. University of Texas Press. pp. 17, 35. ISBN 9780292782099.
pg. 17 'Hence, the location of Yaanga near El Rio de la Porciuncula (Los Angeles River) was an essential prerequisite to the survival of Los Angeles.' pg. 35 'After Los Angeles was founded, the adjacent village of Yaanga served as the main source of labor for the pueblo and surrounding ranchos... In fact, as the demand for Indian labor grew, the Yaanga village began to look more like a refugee camp than a traditional community.'