Acalypha ostryifolia
| Acalypha ostryifolia | |
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| Drawing of Acalypha ostryifolia | |
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| Photo of Acalypha ostryifolia | |
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| Species: | A. rhomboidea
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| Binomial name | |
| Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell
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Acalypha ostryifolia, sometimes spelled ostryaefolia, is a plant in the Euphorbiaceae family and is commonly known as hophornbeam copperleaf, hornbeam copperleaf, or pineland threeseed mercury,[2] is an annual herb of the copperleaf genus Acalypha.[3] It is a native of North and Central America and is generally considered a weed.[4]
Description
Acalypha ostryifolia is an annual herb reaching a height of up to 75 cm tall.[5] The stems are upright, branching, purplish-green with vertical striations, short recurved hairs and stalked glands. Its leaves are alternate, petiolate, simple and ovate, with serrate or dentate margins, a cordate base and slight pubescence, and grow to 10 cm in length.[5] Male and female flowers are in separate spikes, the staminate, males on short axillary spikes and the pistillate females in elongated, interrupted, terminal spikes. The male flowers have four ovate greenish sepals often tinged red and no petals. The female flowers are also petal-less but have three styles which subdivide into white hairs which give the inflorescence a furry appearance. Its 3-lobed capsule is depressed-globose to ovoid, grows up to 5 mm across, with typically 3 ovoid, wrinkeled seeds that are around 2 mm in length [5] and brown with low bumpy ridges. Flowering time is from June to November[6][7] .
Distribution and habitat
Acalypha ostryifolia grows in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua.[8][9]Ecuador,[10] the West Indies,[5] and the United States,[5] including the US states AL, AR, AZ, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MO, MS, NC, NE, NJ, NM, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, and WV, and the US unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.[4] It has been intruduced to Southern Italy. [11]
Acalypha ostryifolia grows in riverbanks, fields, bluffs, roadsides,[5] canyons and slopes.[12] It can be adventive in cultivated fields, where it can be a pest species.[5]
Ecology
The hophornbeam copperleaf is a summer weed growing in cultivated fields and waste places. It has a high germination rate and the seedlings are resistant to cold and grow as fast as soybean plants in the Midwest. It is resistant to most of the herbicides used in soybean crops with the exception of lactofen, acifluorfen and fomesafen, which controlled over 80%. Lactofen was the most successful of these with a kill rate of 95%.[13]
The spotted lady beetle commonly lays eggs on this plant when it grows near sweet corn crops in Kentucky. Research has shown that the insect favoured the weed over the corn, even though it was not infested by aphids on which the larvae could feed. The larvae were found to fall from the weeds and crawl across the soil before climbing sweet corn plants. The presence of the weed in close proximity to the crop was beneficial and resulted in more beetle larvae on the crop and fewer aphids than was the case when the weed was absent.[14]
Gallery
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female inflorecence -
male inflorescence -
young plant, topview
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Synonyms of Hornbeam Copperleaf (Acalypha ostryifolia)". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ "Common names for Hornbeam Copperleaf (Acalypha ostryifolia)". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Acalypha ostryifolia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ a b "Plants Profile for Acalypha ostryifolia (Pineland threeseed mercury)". Plants Database. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mohlenbrock, Robert H. (16 April 1982). Flowering Plants: Basswoods to Spurges. SIU Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8093-8990-2.
- ^ Discover Life
- ^ SEINet
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network
- ^ World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ "Name – Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell ex J.M. Coult". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2014-03-27.
- ^ Plants of Italy - Flora italiana
- ^ McLaughlin, Stephen P. (2006). "Vascular floras of Sonoita Creek State Natural Area and San Rafael State Park: Arizona's first natural-area parks". Sida, Contributions to Botany. 22 (1). Botanical Research Institute of Texas: 685. ISSN 0036-1488.
- ^ Hophornbean Copperleaf (Acalypha ostryaefolia) Biology and Control
- ^ Factors influencing dispersal of larval Coleomegilla maculata from the weed Acalypha ostryaefolia to sweet corn