Associate degree

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An associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study intended to usually last two years. It is considered to be greater level of education than a high school diploma or GED. The first associate degrees were awarded in the U.K. (where they are [when?] no longer awarded) in 1873 before spreading to the U.S. in 1898. They have since been introduced in a small number of other countries.

Australia

In 2004, Australia added "associate degree" to the Australian Qualifications Framework.[1] This title was given to courses more academically focused than advanced diploma courses, and typically designed to articulate to bachelor's degree courses.[2]

Canada

Associate degrees in Arts and Science are offered as provincial qualifications in British Columbia. They are similar to the U.S. associate degree, consisting of a two-year course and allowing articulation onto the third year of bachelor's degree courses.[3][4]

Other provinces of Canada do not offer associate degrees as such, but do offer sub-bachelor's higher education qualifications, e.g. the one year certificate, two year diploma and three year advanced diploma in Ontario.[5] In Quebec, the Diplôme d'études collégiales (diploma of college studies), taught at post-secondary collèges d'enseignement général et professionnel (colleges of general and professional education; cégeps) can be a two-year pre-university qualification that is a pre-requisite for entry onto (three year) bachelor's degree courses, or a three-year technical programme preparing students for employment.[6]

Europe

Qualifications on the short cycle of the Bologna Process/level 5 on the European Qualifications Framework sit between secondary education and bachelor's degree level and are thus approximately equivalent to an associate degree. Such qualifications include the Foundation degree (FdA, FdSc, FdEng), Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE) and Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE) in the United Kingdom,[7] the Higher Certificate in the Republic of Ireland,[8] and the French Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT) and Brevet de Technicien Supérieur (BTS).[9]

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, there were four pilots between 2005 and 2011 to assess the added value of the associate degree.[10] In 2007 the associate degree was added to the Dutch system of higher education within the Higher Professional Education (HBO) stream taught at universities of applied sciences (hogeschool). Associate degree courses form part of HBO bachelor's degree courses, and advising requirements are the same for the two year associate degree and the related four year bachelor's degree. Those gaining the associate degree may proceed to an HBO bachelor's degree in only two years, but it does not articulate to bachelor's degrees in the research oriented (WO) stream.[11]

United Kingdom

The title of Associate in Physical Science (Associate in Science from 1879) was used by the University of Durham College of Physical Sciences (now Newcastle University) from the 1870s.[12] It required (in 1884) passes in three of mathematics, physics, chemistry and geology, and allowed students to go on to take the examination for the Bachelor of Science.[13] As a university-level qualification lying below the bachelor's degree, this is considered to be the world's first associate degree in the modern sense, having been first awarded in 1873, 25 years prior to the introduction of associate degrees into the U.S. by the University of Chicago.[14] Durham also introduced an Associate in Theology in 1901. Both of these have since been discontinued, although the date of their withdrawal is unknown.[15] There were thirteen different types of associate degrees offered in British universities in 1927.[16]

The title of Associate in Arts, introduced by the University of Oxford in 1857 and sometimes referred to as the degree of Associate in Arts, predates the Durham degree. However, it was an examination for "those who are not members of the university" and who were under the age of 18; as such it was at the level of a high school qualification rather than a modern associate degree. Examinations were held in English, languages, mathematics, science, drawing and music, with the title being conferred on those who students who passed any two (as long as the two were not drawing and music).[17]

British equivalents to associate degrees vary depending on the national system which issued them. Based on assessment by the UK NARIC, American and Canadian associate degrees are considered equivalent to one year higher education courses such as the Higher National Certificate at level 4 of the British Framework for Higher Education Qualifications. Australian associate degrees, however, are considered equivalent to two year higher education courses such as the Higher National Diploma at level 5 on the framework.[18]

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, associate degrees were first introduced into the territory in 2000 with the aim of increasing the number of students with post-secondary qualifications.[19] As originally introduced, the qualification took two or three years, but this was reformed in 2012 to a two-year course. The associate degree is designed as a general academic education qualification, compared to the more vocational Higher Diploma, and allows articulation onto the third year of a four-year (US-style) bachelor's degree or the second year of a three-year (British-style) bachelor's degree.[20] A survey in 2016 showed that most students believe associate degrees will help them to get onto bachelor's degree courses, but not (by themselves) in gaining a career; however only 30% of associate degree graduates gained places for further study, leading to accusations that the degree is "a waste of time and money" and calls for the government to address this by making more bachelor's degree places available.[21] This has been criticized, with others saying that education had benefits beyond income, which is only a short-term measure.[22]

United States

In the United States, associate degrees are usually earned in two years or more and can be attained at community colleges, technical colleges, vocational schools, and some colleges. A student who completes a two-year program can earn an Associate of Arts/Associate in Arts (A.A.)[23] or an Associate of Science/Associate in Science (A.S.) degree.[23] A.A. degrees are usually earned in the Liberal Arts and Sciences such as humanities and social science fields; A.S. degrees are awarded to those studying in applied scientific and technical fields and professional fields of study. Generally, one year of study is focused on College level General Education and the second year is focused on the area of discipline.

Students who complete a two-year technical or vocational program can earn an Associate of Applied Science/Associate in Applied Science[23] This type of program is designed for persons seeking direct employment upon completion.

Transfer admissions in the United States allows courses taken and credits earned on an A.A., A.S., or A.A.S. course can sometimes be counted toward a bachelor's degree via articulation agreements or recognition of prior learning, depending on the courses taken, applicable state laws/regulations, and the transfer requirements of the university.[24]

California

The Student Transfer Achievement Reform Act was signed into legislation on September 29, 2010 which is a legislation that grants any California Community College student who has earned the Associates in Arts degree for Transfer (AA-T) or the Associate in Science degree for Transfer (AS-T) will be granted priority admission to the CSU (California State University) into a similar baccalaureate (BA) degree program with a guarantee of junior standing. [25]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Introduction of Associate Degree in 2004". Australian Qualifications Framework Advisory Board. Archived from the original on August 5, 2004. Retrieved January 19, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Main features of the Associate Degree". Australian Qualifications Framework Advisory Board. Archived from the original on August 5, 2004. Retrieved January 19, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Associate Degrees". British Columbia Commission on Admissions and Transfer. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  4. ^ "Associate Degrees". Douglas College. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  5. ^ "Diploma Programs at Ontario Colleges". ontariocolleges.ca. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  6. ^ "Postsecondary education in Quebec". Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  7. ^ http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Documents/FHEQ08.pdf
  8. ^ "Recognition Ireland Statement on US associate degree". Qualificationsrecognition.ie. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "EQUIVALENCE DE DIPLOME (Degree equivalence)". voilanewyork.com. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  10. ^ [1] Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "The Dutch education system described" (PDF). EP-Nuffic. January 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  12. ^ William Crookes (1877). The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. Vol. XXXVI. p. 128.
  13. ^ The Durham College of Science Calendar. University of Durham. 1884. pp. 13, 24.
  14. ^ Arthur Levine (1978). Handbook on undergraduate curriculum. Jossey-Bass Publishers. The world's first associate's degree, the associate in science, was awarded by England's University of Durham in 1873. The University of Chicago awarded the first American associate's degree in 1898. It offered associate in arts, associate in literature, and associate in science degrees.
  15. ^ Nicholas Groves (February 1, 2012). Shaw's Academical Dress of Great Britain and Ireland (3rd ed.). Lulu.com. pp. 160–161, 369.
  16. ^ Robert S. Palinchak (1973). The evolution of the community college. Scarecrow Press. pp. 64–65. By 1927, Eells (1963) reported that thirteen types of associate degrees, including the Associate in Theology and Associate in Music, were in use in British universities.
  17. ^ Sir Thomas Dyke ACLAND (1858). Some Account of the Origin and Objects of the New Oxford Examinations for the title of Associate in Arts, and Certificates. For the year 1858 ... Also Letters from J. Hullah ... W. Dyce ... J. Ruskin ... and G. Richmond ... on the connexion of the arts with general education; and selected papers relating to the West of England examination; with Mr. Temple's report. J. Ridgway.
  18. ^ "Summary guide to HNC and HND qualifications" (PDF). Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  19. ^ "Get An Associate Degree in Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. August 1, 2014.
  20. ^ "Q & A on Sub-degree Programmes". Information Portal for Accredited Post-secondary Programmes. Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  21. ^ "Associate degree not career booster: Survey". China Daily Asia. July 11, 2016.
  22. ^ Victor Fung Keung (September 6, 2016). "Don't see Hong Kong's associate degrees as substandard".
  23. ^ a b c "Degree Programs". College of DuPage. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  24. ^ "Student Zone – College – Finding/Applying". College Zone. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Cal State University". California State University Transfer Requirements.

References

  • Bragg, A. K. Fall 1979 Transfer Study. Report 3: Second Year Persistence And Achievement. Springfield: Illinois Community College Board, 1982. ED 230 228.
  • Koltai, L. Redefining The Associate Degree. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, 1984. ED 242 378.
  • Wittstruck, J. R. Requirements For Certificates, Diplomas And Associate Degrees: A Survey Of The States. Denver, CO: State Higher Education Executive Officers Association, 1985.
  • I. Elaine Allen and Jeff Seaman. Making the Grade: Online Education in the United States, 2006. The Sloan Consortium, 2006.

External links

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