Battle of Matewan
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| Matewan Massacre | |||
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| Part of the West Virginia coal wars | |||
| Date | May 19, 1920 | ||
| Location | Matewan, West Virginia, United States | ||
| Resulted in | A setback for miners' rights until the early 1930s when the Government finally recognized American labor unions. Eventual passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 | ||
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The Battle of Matewan (also known as the Matewan massacre) was a shootout in the town of Matewan in Mingo County and the Pocahontas Coalfield mining district, in southern West Virginia. It occurred on May 19, 1920 between local coal miners and their allies and the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency. The dead included two brothers of the detective agency's founder and Matewan's mayor Cabell Testerman, who supported the union.
History
Employed by the Stone Mountain Coal Company, a contingent of the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency arrived on the No. 29 morning train to evict families that had been living at the Stone Mountain Coal Camp just on the outskirts of town. The detectives carried out several evictions before they ate dinner at the Urias Hotel and, upon finishing, they walked toward the train depot to catch the five o'clock train back to Bluefield, West Virginia. While the detectives made their way to the train depot, they were intercepted by Matewan Chief of Police Sid Hatfield, who claimed to have arrest warrants from the Mingo County sheriff. Hatfield, a native of the Tug River Valley, was a supporter of the miners' attempts to organize the UMWA in the southern coalfields of West Virginia. Detective Albert Felts and his brother Lee Felts then produced their own warrant for Sid Hatfield's arrest. Upon inspection, Matewan mayor Cabell Testerman claimed it was fraudulent. [1]
Unbeknownst to the detectives, they had been surrounded by armed miners, who watched intently from the windows, doorways, and roofs of the businesses that lined Mate Street. Stories vary as to who actually fired the first shot. On the porch of the Chambers Hardware Store began the clash that became known as the Matewan massacre, or the Battle of Matewan. The ensuing gun battle left seven detectives and three townspeople dead, including the Felts brothers and Testerman. The battle was hailed by miners and their supporters for the number of casualties inflicted on the Baldwin–Felts detectives. This tragedy, along with events such as the Ludlow Massacre in Colorado six years earlier, marked an important turning point in the battle for miners' rights.
Coal miners
At the time, the United Mine Workers of America had just elected John L. Lewis as their president. During this period, miners worked long hours in unsafe and dismal working conditions, while being paid low wages. Adding to the hardship was the use of coal scrip by the Stone Mountain Coal Company, because the scrip could only be used for those goods the company sold through their company stores. A few months before the battle at Matewan, union miners in other parts of the country went on strike, receiving a full 27 percent pay increase for their efforts. Lewis recognized that the area was ripe for change, and planned to organize the coal fields of southern Appalachia. The union sent its top organizers, including the famous Mary Harris "Mother" Jones.[2] Roughly 3000 men signed the union's roster in the Spring of 1920. They signed their union cards at the community church, something that they knew could cost them their jobs, and in many cases their homes. The coal companies controlled many aspects of the miners' lives.[3] Stone Mountain Coal Corporation fought back with mass firings, harassment, and evictions.[4]
Town of Matewan
Matewan, founded in 1895, was a small independent town with only a few elected officials. The mayor at the time was Cabell Testerman, and the chief of police was Sid Hatfield. Both refused to succumb to the company's plans, and sided with the miners. In turn, the Stone Mountain Coal Corporation hired their own enforcers, the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency, dubbed the "Baldwin Thugs" by the miners. The coal operators hired them to evict the miners and their families from the company owned houses.[5] As a result, hundreds of miner families spent the spring of 1920 in tents. The assemblage of tents was known as Stony Mountain Camp Tent Colony. [6]
Battle
On the day of the fight, a group of the Baldwin–Felts enforcers arrived to evict families living at the mountain coal camp, just outside Matewan. The sheriff and his deputy, Fred Burgraff, sensed trouble and met the Baldwin–Felts detectives at the train station. News of the evictions soon spread around the town. When Sid Hatfield approached Felts, Felts served a warrant on Hatfield, which had been issued by Squire R. M. Stafford, a Justice of the Peace of Magnolia District, Mingo County, West Virginia, for the arrest of Hatfield, Bas Ball, Tony Webb and others, which warrant was directed to Albert C. Felts for execution. Burgraff's son reported that the detectives had sub-machine guns with them in their suitcases. Hatfield, Burgraff, and Mayor Cabell Testerman met with the detectives on the porch of the Chambers Hardware Store. It is still unknown whether it was Hatfield or the leading detective, Albert Felts, who shot Testerman first, though what followed was Hatfield shooting Felts. Later Thomas Felts (brother of Albert and Lee Felts who died in the battle) and the Baldwin–Felts spy Charles Lively spread rumors that Sid shot Testerman because he had feelings for his wife. The rumors were never confirmed, although Sid did marry her only twelve days after Testerman's death, the day after the two of them were arrested in a hotel room and charged with "improper relations."[7] After the detective and mayor fell wounded, Sid kept firing, but Felts escaped. He took shelter in the Matewan Post Office, and Hatfield eventually found him there and shot him. When the shooting finally stopped, the townspeople came out, many wounded. There were casualties on both sides. Seven Baldwin–Felts detectives were killed, including Albert and Lee Felts. One more detective had been wounded. Two miners were killed: Bob Mullins, who had just been fired for joining the union, and Tot Tinsley, an unarmed bystander. The wounded mayor was dying, and four other bystanders had been wounded.
Aftermath
Governor John J. Cornwell ordered the state police force to take control of Matewan. Hatfield and his men cooperated, and stacked their arms inside the hardware store. The miners, encouraged by their success in getting the Baldwin–Felts detectives out of Matewan, improved their efforts to organize.
On July 1 the miners' union went on another strike, and widespread violence erupted. Railroad cars were blown up, and strikers were beaten and left to die by the side of the road.
After the battle, President Woodrow Wilson was eager to send in the National Guard.
The violence was so bad that martial law had to be put into place and federal troops had to get involved.[8]
The trial for the miners who killed the seven agents started January 26, 1921, and ended March 19, 1921, with all defendants being acquitted of all charges.
Tom Felts, the last remaining Felts brother, sent undercover operatives to collect evidence to convict Sid Hatfield and his men. When the charges against Hatfield and 22 others for the murder of Albert Felts were dismissed, Baldwin–Felts detectives assassinated Hatfield and his deputy Ed Chambers on August 1, 1921, on the steps of the McDowell County courthouse located in Welch, West Virginia.[9] Of those defendants whose charges were not dismissed, all were acquitted.
Less than a month later, miners from the state gathered in Charleston. They were even more determined to organize the southern coal fields, and began the march to Logan County. Thousands of miners joined them along the way, culminating in what was to become known as the Battle of Blair Mountain.
The headquarters of the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency was the Urias hotel and was destroyed in a fire in December 1992.
The Matewan Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 27, 1993.
Conspiracy theory
Some people believe that Sid Hatfield fired that first shot that killed Mayor Testerman because he was in love with the mayor's wife Jessie. The belief was strengthened when Sid and Jessie were married twelve days after the May 19 shootout.[10] Below is a 1989 conversation between historian John Hennen of the Matewan Development Center Oral History project and Dixie Accord, who grew up in Matewan, regarding the possibility that Sid Hatfield could have shot Mayor Testerman.
J: Okay. One last question and we will catch the news. What is your reaction to the charge that Sid Hatfield shot Mayor Testerman?.
DA: I don't believe it. I don't believe it. He could've been shot accidentally. It was never proven who shot him. Of course they made a story out of that because he later...later married his wife. And...but, I think, out of sympathy, that he uh... that was all out of sympathy that uh... I can't see that. I can't see Sid Hatfield uh...if he'd have wanted her, he'd have took her right on front of him. Now, he wouldn't had to kill him. He's that type of a man. He wouldn't done that, but he...he might have been, in my opinion, that Testerman was shot accidentally like Tot Tinsley was.[11]
Historic interpretations
The Matewan massacre is interpreted by the State of West Virginia through a Historic Highway marker produced by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. It is located off Main Street in Matewan.
The marker reads:[12]
MATEWAN MASSACRE. In 1920 area miners went on strike to gain recognition of UMWA. On May 19 of the same year, twelve Baldwin–Felts Agency guards came from Bluefield to evict the miners from company houses. As guards left town, they argued with town police chief Sid Hatfield and Mayor Testerman. Shooting of undetermined origins resulted in the deaths of two coal miners, seven agents, and the mayor. None of the 19 men indicted were convicted.
In media
- The battle was the subject of the 1987 John Sayles film Matewan.
- Sid Hatfield was featured in Smilin' Sid which was a silent movie that portrayed Sid Hatfield as a hero and was shown in union mining camps.
- Terror of the Tug, a 2000 play by Jean Battlo, covers the violent events that occurred directly afterward.
- The battle features in Glenn Taylor's 2008 novel The Ballad of Trenchmouth Taggart. In the book, it is Trenchmouth Taggart that shoots Al Felts when Felts draws a gun to shoot Sid Hatfield. Felts then accidentally shoots Mayor Testerman. Trenchmouth also shoots and kills Lee Felts.
- The battle receives prominent mention in Eric Flint's science fiction novel "1632," the starting point of his Ring of Fire (series).
See also
- Coal Wars
- Coal mining in Appalachia
- Union violence
- Labor spying in the United States
- List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
- List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
Notes
- ^ Lon Savage, Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War 1920–21, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press (1990), pp. 27–28 ISBN 978-0-8229-3634-3
- ^ The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Col, 1925.[ISBN missing][page needed]
- ^ The Battle of Matewan, www.matewan.com
- ^ Matewan Massacre, West Virginia Culture.org
- ^ The Battle of Matewan! Archived 2012-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Montgomery College website
- ^ "Matewan, History from Below".
- ^ Lon Savage, Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War 1920–21, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press (1990), pp. 27–28[ISBN missing]
- ^ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The Coal Mining Massacre America Forgot". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
- ^ Kilkeary, Desmond. "The Hatfields and the Baldwin–Felts." Chaparral. May 2005.
- ^ Bond, John (February 26, 1996). "National Historic Landmark Nomination".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Matewan Oral History Project Collection". West Virginia State Archives. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
- ^ State of West Virginia (2002). Marking Our Past: West Virginia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Division of Culture and History. p. 104.
References
- Bailey, Rebecca (2008). Matewan before the Massacre: Politics, Coal, and the Roots of Conflict in a West Virginia Mining Community. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
- Official Matewan, WV Website at Matewan.com
- Police Chief Hatfield's memorial
- Matewan Massacre. May 19th, 1920.
- Matewan Massacre, West Virginia Division of Culture and History
- State of West Virginia (2002). Marking Our Past: West Virginia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
- West Virginia Mine Wars Museum independent history museum covering the Mine Wars Era in Matewan, WV.
- Matewan Oral History Project Collection
Further reading
- Yoho, R. G. (2020). The Nine Lives of Charles E. Lively: The Deadliest Man in the West Virginia-Colorado Coal Mine Wars. Fox Run Publishing.