Bender's method

In group theory, Bender's method is a method introduced by Bender (1970) for simplifying the local group theoretic analysis of the odd order theorem. Shortly afterwards he used it to simplify the Walter theorem on groups with abelian Sylow 2-subgroups Bender (1970b), and Gorenstein and Walter's classification of groups with dihedral Sylow 2-subgroups. Bender's method involves studying a maximal subgroup M containing the centralizer of an involution, and its generalized Fitting subgroup F^*(M).

One succinct version of Bender's method is the result that if M, N are two distinct maximal subgroups of a simple group with F^*(M) ≤ N and F^*(N) ≤ M, then there is a prime p such that both F^*(M) and F^*(N) are p-groups. This situation occurs whenever M and N are distinct maximal parabolic subgroups of a simple group of Lie type, and in this case p is the characteristic, but this has only been used to help identify groups of low Lie rank. These ideas are described in textbook form in Gagen (1976, p. 43), Huppert & Blackburn (1982, Chapter X. 15), Gorenstein, Lyons & Solomon (1996, p. 110, Chapter F.19), and Kurzweil & Stellmacher (2004, Chapter 10.1).

References

Bender, Helmut (1970), "On the uniqueness theorem", Illinois Journal of Mathematics, 14: 376–384, ISSN 0019-2082, MR 0262351
Bender, Helmut (1970b), "On groups with abelian Sylow 2-subgroups", Mathematische Zeitschrift, 117: 164–176, doi:10.1007/BF01109839, ISSN 0025-5874, MR 0288180
Bender, Helmut; Glauberman, George (1994), Local analysis for the odd order theorem, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, vol. 188, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-45716-3, MR 1311244
Gagen, Terence M. (1976), Topics in finite groups, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-21002-7, MR 0407127
Gorenstein, D.; Lyons, Richard; Solomon, Ronald (1996), The classification of the finite simple groups. Number 2. Part I. Chapter G, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 40, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-0390-5, MR 1358135
Huppert, Bertram; Blackburn, Norman (1982), Finite groups. III, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 243, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-10633-3, MR 0662826
Kurzweil, Hans; Stellmacher, Bernd (2004), The theory of finite groups, Universitext, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-40510-0, MR 2014408