Birth trauma (physical)
| Birth trauma | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | P10–P15 |
| ICD-9 | 767 |
| eMedicine | article/980112 |
Birth trauma is damage to the tissues and organs of an infant caused by mechanical forces during childbirth often accompanied by impaired blood circulation and organ functioning. The most frequent and significant birth injuries are to the skull, brain and spinal cord, the severity of which usually distinguishs spontaneous birth traumas from those of an obstetric nature such as injuries which may occur with the use of forceps.[1]
Contents |
[edit] Signs and symptoms
Sequelae can occur in both the mother and the infant after a traumatic birth.
[edit] Infant
While any number of injuries may occur during the birthing process. A number of specific conditions are well described. Brachial plexus palsy occurs in 0.4 to 5.1 infants per 1000 live birth.[2] Head trauma during delivery can lead to a number of conditions include: caput succedaneum, cephalohematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage.
The most common fracture during delivery is that of the clavicle (0.5%).[3]
[edit] Mother
Rates of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as high as 5.9% have been reported.[4]
[edit] Causes
Risk factors include vacuum extraction and the use of forceps.[5]
[edit] Epidemiology
Birth trauma is uncommon in the Western world in relation to rates in the third world. In the West injury occurs in 1.1% of C-sections.[7]
[edit] References
- ^ V.V.Vlasyuk Birth trauma and perinatal disorders of cerebral circulation. St. Petersburg, "Nestor History, 2009 - 252 p. ISBN 978-5-98187-373-7.
- ^ Andersen J, Watt J, Olson J, Van Aerde J (February 2006). "Perinatal brachial plexus palsy". Paediatr Child Health 11 (2): 93–100. PMC 2435328. PMID 19030261. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2435328.
- ^ Beall MH, Ross MG (December 2001). "Clavicle fracture in labor: risk factors and associated morbidities". J Perinatol 21 (8): 513–5. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7210594. PMID 11774010.
- ^ Beck CT (2009). "Birth trauma and its sequelae". J Trauma Dissociation 10 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1080/15299730802624528. PMID 19333848.
- ^ Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC, et al. (July 2004). "Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infant adverse outcomes: population based retrospective analysis". BMJ 329 (7456): 24–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7456.24. PMC 443446. PMID 15231617. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=443446.
- ^ "Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002. http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls.
- ^ Alexander JM, Leveno KJ, Hauth J, et al. (October 2006). "Fetal injury associated with cesarean delivery". Obstet Gynecol 108 (4): 885–90. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000237116.72011.f3. PMID 17012450.
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