Blanket primary
The blanket primary is a system used for selecting political party candidates in a primary election, used in Argentina and historically in the United States. In a blanket primary, voters may pick one candidate for each office without regard to party lines; for instance, a voter might select a Democratic candidate for governor and a Republican candidate for senator. In a traditional blanket primary the candidates with the highest number of votes for each office in each party advance to the general election, as the respective party's nominee. Blanket primaries differ from open primaries – in open primaries voters may pick candidates regardless of their own party registration, but may only choose among candidates from a single party of the voter's choice. A blanket primary gives registered voters maximum choice in selecting candidates among those systems that separate primary from general elections. Blanket primary elections also serve as polls for the general elections, revealing the portion of votes that the candidates are expected to receive in them.[1]
Comparison
Compared to other primary systems, the blanket primary is less restrictive for voters because it does not limit them to selecting from only one party's candidates. Mainstream political parties, however, many see this as a disadvantage because it discourages party loyalty, especially among moderate voters who do not identify strongly with any party. The system also has potential for tactical voting: Voters opposed to one party might disingenuously choose a weaker candidate from that party, setting the candidate up to lose in the general election.
Argentina
In Argentina, nationwide blanket primaries, called PASO (Spanish: Primarias Abiertas Simultáneas y Obligatorias, meaning "Simultaneous and mandatory open primaries"), were established for presidential and legislative elections in 2009 by the law 26,571.
All parties must take part in these blanket primaries, including both the parties with internal factions and parties with a single candidate list. Citizens may vote for any candidate of any party, but may only cast a single vote.
Parties must also get 1.5% or higher of the vote to be allowed to run in the general election. Furthermore, each party should have at least a membership of 0,4% of the electoral roll of its respective district to continue operating. In 2011, 149 minor parties were either closed, or were not allowed to run in specific provinces where they did not meet the requirements.[2] This was rejected by the small opposition parties, which charged that these reforms could stymy minor parties and the formation of new ones.[3][4]
Private funding for political campaigns is not allowed. All parties are granted free airtime during the political campaign to advertisements of a fixed time duration.
United States
In 2000 the Supreme Court of the United States struck down California's blanket primary in California Democratic Party v. Jones. Similar systems used by Washington and Alaska were also struck down in subsequent Supreme Court cases.
The traditional blanket primary survives in a different form, known as the nonpartisan blanket primary or jungle primary, in California and Washington. In response to the aforementioned Supreme Court decision, Washington state voters passed Initiative 872 in 2004 to adopt the nonpartisan blanket primary; while lower courts, following the ruling in California Democratic Party v. Jones, struck down the initiative, the Supreme Court ruled on March 18, 2008 in Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party et al. that Initiative 872 was at least facially constitutional and could go into effect.[5]
References
- ^ David Hodari (October 23, 2015). "Argentina elections 2015: a guide to the parties, polls and electoral system". The Guardian. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
- ^ "La reforma política dejó fuera de competencia a 149 partidos" [The political amendment left out 149 parties]. Clarín (in Spanish). January 25, 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
- ^ "Los principales puntos (28 October 2009)". Clarín (in Spanish). 28 October 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "Fuerte rechazo de la oposición al proyecto oficialista de reforma". Clarín (in Spanish). 28 October 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party et al" (PDF). March 18, 2008.