Blind audition
In a blind audition the identity of the performer is concealed from the judges so as to prevent bias. The performance takes place behind a curtain so that the judges cannot see the performer. Blind auditions have become standard in symphony orchestras.
In the 1970's, jazz bassist and clinical psychologist Art Davis unsuccessfully filed suit against the New York Philharmonic for racial discrimination. Although his suit failed, his efforts been credited for helping pave the way to the current system of blind auditions for orchestras.[1][2]
In 1980, American trombonist Abbie Conant was selected in a blind audition as the overwhelming first choice for Principal Trombonist of the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, but was subsequently subjected to sexism by the director Sergiu Celibidache.[3] His discriminatory behaviour came to light during a 12-year legal battle over the course of his tenure at the Munich Philharmonic. On his orders, she was forced to sit in the second chair and was paid less than her male colleagues on grounds of her gender. Celibidache was not invited to give testimony at the trials due to lack of substantiated criticism. The courts found in favour of Conant as Celibidache "could not justify his complaint with facts". An appeal on the decision failed, and Conant was paid the same as her male colleagues.[4]
According to a widely cited 2001 study by Cecilia Rouse of Princeton and Claudia Goldin of Harvard, the introduction of blind auditions to American symphony orchestras increased the probability that a woman would advance from preliminary rounds by 50 percent. Among those symphonies, "about 10 percent of orchestra members were female around 1970, compared to about 35 percent in the mid-1990s." Rouse and Goldin attribute about 30 percent of this gain to the advent of blind auditions, though they admit that their "estimates have large standard errors and at least one persistent effect in the opposite direction."[5]
In 2010, the competitive talent show The Voice of Holland introduced the use of blind auditions to televised talent shows; the format was then quickly franchised to dozens of other countries.
Similarly, blind judging and blind jury represent the same premise of an item or person being judged solely on its own merits.
See also
References
- ^ Stewart, Jocelyn Y. (August 5, 2007). "Art Davis, renowned bassist, dies at 73". Los Angeles Times obituary. Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2011-09-21. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ Osborne, William. "Blind Auditions and Moral Myopia". osborne-conant.org. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ "Abbie Conant in the Munich Philharmonic".
- ^ "A Trombonist Got a Job with the Munich Philharmonic. Then She Fought Them in Court for 13 Years. | WQXR Editorial".
- ^ Golden, Claudia (September 4, 2000). "Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of "Blind" Auditions on Female Musicians". American Economic Review. 90 (4): 715–741. doi:10.1257/aer.90.4.715. S2CID 16026987. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
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