Cationization of cotton
Cationization of cotton is an electro kinetic phenomena ( zeta potential and electro kinetic) for surface charge of cotton. The cotton surface is charged with positive ions. Cationization alters the characterization of the surface of the cotton which allows salt free dyeing and improves the dye ability of cotton. The process involves the chemical reaction of cationic reactive agents with cellulose.[1][2][3]
Etymology
A cation (+) (/ˈkætˌaɪ.ən/), from the Greek word κάτω (káto), meaning "down", is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge. The suffixes for cationic groups discern between 'ylium' for cations created by the loss of a hydride ion and 'ium' for cations formed by addition of a Hydron.[4]
Methods of cationization
Cationization involves the modification of cellulosic macromolecules with positively charged sites with chemical reaction of cationic reactive agents for example with Quaternary ammonium cation or using (3-chloro-2-hydroxylpropyl) trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CHPTAC).[5][6]
Advantages
Cationization of cotton enables salt free dyeing and enhances the dyeability of the substrate with anionic dyes such as reactive dyes and direct dyes. Water and salt consumption are one of the major problems in the dyeing especially cotton which leads to substantial environmental impact with extra time and cost. Secondly washing off the residual salt is also important for washing fastness properties, which needs more washing baths. Cationization of cotton reduces the effluent, TDS load and water consumption in comparison to the conventional dyeing processes.[7]
See also
References
- ^ Paul, Roshan (2015). Denim: Manufacture, Finishing and Applications. Elsevier science. p. 279. ISBN 9780857098498.
- ^ Arivithamani, Nallathambi; Giri Dev, Venkateshwarapuram Rengaswami (2018). "Characterization and comparison of salt-free reactive dyed cationized cotton hosiery fabrics with that of conventional dyed cotton fabrics". Journal of Cleaner Production. 183: 579–589. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.175. ISSN 0959-6526.
- ^ Derjaguin, B. V.; Dukhin, S. S.; Rulyov, N. N. (1984), "Kinetic Theory of Flotation of Small Particles", Surface and Colloid Science, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 71–113, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7972-4_2, ISBN 978-1-4615-7974-8, retrieved 2020-10-05
- ^ Vostrup Senning, Rita (2019). The Etymology of Chemical Names. DE Gruyter. p. 216. ISBN 9783110612714.
- ^ Mark Marzinke, William Clarke (2020). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry. Elsevier Science. p. 146. ISBN 9780128158333.
- ^ Gao, Yanhong; Li, Qun; Shi, Yu; Cha, Ruitao (2016-06-15). "Preparation and Application of Cationic Modified Cellulose Fibrils as a Papermaking Additive". International Journal of Polymer Science. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
- ^ Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (2018). Sustainable Innovations in Textile Chemistry and Dyes. Singapore: Springer. p. 13. ISBN 9789811086007.