Clavaria
| Clavaria | |
|---|---|
| |
| Clavaria fragilis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Clavariaceae |
| Genus: | Clavaria Vaill. ex L. (1753) |
| Type species | |
| Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. (1790)
| |
| Species | |
|
see text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Clavaria is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae. Species of Clavaria produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are either cylindrical to club-shaped or branched and coral-like. They are often grouped with similar-looking species from other genera, when they are collectively known as the clavarioid fungi. All Clavaria species are terrestrial and most (if not all) are believed to be saprotrophic (decomposing dead plant material). In Europe, they are typical of old, mossy, unimproved grassland. In North America and elsewhere, they are more commonly found in woodlands.
History
Clavaria (the name is derived from the Latin "clava", a club) was first introduced as a genus name by Vaillant (1727),[2] later accepted by Micheli (1729),[3] and was one of the original genera used by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753.[4] It contained all species of fungi with erect, club-shaped or branched (coral-like) fruit bodies, including many that are now referred to the Ascomycota. Subsequent authors described over 1200 species in the genus.[5] The name Clavaria was also used for a group of red algae in the Gelidiaceae family of the Rhodophyta by Stackhouse in 1816.[6] Because Clavaria Stackh. was also validly published, Donk in 1949 proposed that Clavaria Stackh. be rejected as a homonym of Clavaria Fries and that the latter name be retained as a nomen conservandum (conserved name).[7] This proposal was moved by Doty (1948),[8] recommended for adoption by Rogers (1949),[9] and approved by the Special Committee for Fungi.[10]
With increasing use of the microscope in the late nineteenth century, most of the ascomycetous members of the genus were recognized as distinct and moved to other genera. Clavaria was, however, still widely used for the majority of the basidiomycetous species until Corner published his world monograph of the clavarioid fungi in 1950, introducing the modern concept of the genus.[11] Corner restricted Clavaria to those species with fruit bodies having inflated, unclamped, context hyphae (a character that makes Clavaria fruit bodies distinctly brittle). Species with clamped hyphae were placed in the segregate genera Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis. This concept was modified in 1978 by Petersen, who considered Clavulinopsis an artificial genus, moving the majority of species to Ramariopsis but a minority back into Clavaria.[12]
Phylogeny
| Phylogeny of "clavaria" clade based on ribosomal DNA sequences.[13] |
Recent phylogenetic research based on DNA sequencing suggests that all three genera are closely related, but does not unambiguously support either Corner's or Petersen's precise characterization of Clavaria. Too few species have yet been sequenced, however, for Clavaria to be redefined.[13]
Description
Fruit bodies are simple (cylindrical to club-shaped) or more rarely branched, sometimes with a distinct stipe (stem). Several of the species with simple fruit bodies form them in dense clusters. The fruit bodies themselves are smooth to grooved and typically brittle. Depending on species, they vary in colour from white or cream to yellow, pink, violet, brown, or black.
The hyphal system of Clavaria species is always monomitic. The context hyphae are inflated, thin-walled, and lack clamp connections (though Petersen's amended concept of the genus includes some species with clamps). The basidia are two- to four-spored, in some species with an open, loop-like clamp connection at the base. Spores are smooth or spiny. Spore prints are white.[11]
Habitat and distribution
Most Clavaria species are thought to be saprotrophic, decomposing leaf litter and other organic materials on the woodland floor. In Europe, species are more frequently found in old, unimproved grasslands (i.e., not used agriculturally) where they are presumed to be decomposers of dead grass and moss. At least one species (Clavaria argillacea) is, however, typical of heathland and is a possible mycorrhizal associate of heather.[14]
Species of Clavaria occur in suitable habitats throughout the temperate regions and the tropics.[11] Some 15 species are known from Europe; according to one 2008 estimate, 28 species are recognized worldwide.[15] Petersen described 18 new species from New Zealand in a 1988 monograph.[16] As of August 2015[update], Index Fungorum lists 175 valid species in Clavaria.[17]
Representative species
- Clavaria acuta
- Clavaria afrolutea – Cameroon[18]
- Clavaria alboglobospora – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria amoena – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria ardosiaca
- Clavaria argillacea
- Clavaria asperulispora – Europe[19]
- Clavaria atroumbrina – Europe[19]
- Clavaria cupreicolor – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria echinobrevispora – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria echinonivosa – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria echino-olivacea – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria flavopurpurea – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria flavipes
Clavaria fragilis
- Synonymous with Clavaria vermicularis.[20] Commonly known as "fairy fingers", it is the most common Clavaria in North America.[21]
- Clavaria flavostellifera[22]
- Clavaria fumosa
- Clavaria globospora – North America
- Clavaria greletii – Europe[19]
- Clavaria maricola – North America
- Clavaria megaspinosa – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria mima – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria musculospinosa – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria novozealandica – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria plumbeoargillacea – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria redoleoalii – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria rosea
- Clavaria roseoviolacea – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria salentina – Italy[23]
- Clavaria stellifera – Netherlands and Belgium[24]
- Clavaria subsordida – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria tuberculospora – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria versatilis – Australia
- Clavaria ypsilonidia – New Zealand[16]
- Clavaria zollingeri
See also
References
- ^ "Clavaria L." MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Vaillant S. (1727). Botanicon Parisiense. Leyde. p. 26.
- ^ Micheli PA. (1729). Nova plantarum genera Florentiae (in Latin). Florence: typis B. Paperinii.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1182.
- ^ "Search Page: Clavaria". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Stackhouse J. (1816). Nereis Britannicus (2nd ed.). Oxonii.
- ^ Donk MA. (1949). "New and revised nomica generica conservanda proposed for Basidiomycetes (Fungi)". Bulletin de l'Institut botanique de Buitenzorg, III. 18: 83–168.
- ^ Doty MS. (1948). "Proposals and notes on some genera of clavarioid fungi and their types". Lloydia. 11: 123–28.
- ^ Rogers DP. (1949). "Nomina conservanda proposita and nomina confusa – Fungi". Farlowia. 3: 425–93.
- ^ Rogers DP. (1953). "Disposition of nomina generica conservanda proposita for Fungi". Mycologia. 45 (2): 312–22. JSTOR 4547700.
- ^ a b c Corner EJH. (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Petersen RH. (1978). "Notes on clavarioid fungi. XV. Reorganization of Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis". Mycologia. 70 (3): 660–71. doi:10.2307/3759402. JSTOR 3759402.
- ^ a b Dentinger BTM, McLaughlin DJ (2006). "Reconstructing the Clavariaceae using nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences and a new genus segregated from Clavaria". Mycologia. 98 (5): 746–62. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.5.746. PMID 17256578.
- ^ Englander L, Hull RJ (1980). "Reciprocal transfer of nutrients between ericaceous plants and a Clavaria sp". New Phytologist. 84 (4): 661–67. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04779.x. JSTOR 2431919.
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Petersen RH. (1988). "The clavarioid fungi of New Zealand". Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Industrial Research. 236: 1–170.
- ^ Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 30th July 2015). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ Roberts R. (1999). "Clavarioid fungi from Korup National Park, Cameroon". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3): 517–39. doi:10.2307/4110853. JSTOR 4110853.
- ^ a b c Roberts P. (2007). "Black & brown Clavaria species: in the British Isles". Field Mycology. 8 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60454-9.
- ^ "Clavaria fragilis - Species synonymy". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 637. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ Olariaga I, Salcedo I, Daniëls PP, Spooner B, Kautmanová I (2015). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of yellow Clavaria species with clamped basidia-Clavaria flavostellifera sp. nov. and the typification of C. argillacea, C. flavipes and C. sphagnicola". Mycologia. 107 (1): 104–22. doi:10.3852/13-315. hdl:10261/164062. PMID 25376798. S2CID 40463057.
- ^ Agnello C, Baglivo A. "Una nuova specie scoperta in Italia meridionale: Clavaria salentina". 2011 (in Italian). 53: 331–40.
- ^ Geesink J, Bas C (1992). "Clavaria stellifera, spec. nov". Persoonia. 14 (4): 671–3.