Cumberland pig
| Conservation status | Extinct |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | England |
| Traits | |
| |
The Cumberland was a breed of domestic pig that originated in the North of England; it was used to produce local delicacies like the Cumberland sausage and Cumberland ham. The breed became extinct in 1960, after changes in farming methods and a demand for less fatty meat led to it falling out of favour.
History and characteristics
The Cumberland was a very old breed that likely developed over several hundred years in Cumberland and Westmorland, and was closely related to the Old Yorkshire white pig. It was a heavy-set white animal with pendulous ears, and had a tough constitution enabling it to withstand the poor weather of Northern England.[1] The breed grew quickly to above-average size, with a high fat content.[2]
During the 19th century, many efforts were made to 'improve' pig breeds, and the Cumberland was often crossed with the Yorkshire white breeds. These eventually developed into the Large White, Small White, and Middle White. The Cumberland Pig Breeders' Association was created in 1916, and the breed reached a height of popularity during the 1920s.
The Cumberland began to fall out of favour in the mid-20th century due to a demand for leaner meat. In 1955, the Advisory Committee on the Development of Pig Production in the United Kingdom, chaired by Sir Harold Howitt,[3] issued a report that pig farmers in the UK, to ensure standardization, should concentrate on three breeds: the Large White, Welsh, and Landrace. By this time, the Cumberland stock was already dwindling; only three boars were licensed by 1954.[4]
The Cumberland pig is considered to have become extinct in 1960 after the last individual, a sow belonging to a Mr. Thirwall, died on Bothel Craggs farm in Bothel.[5][6]
Re-creation
In 2008, a Penrith animal conservation centre "recreated" the Cumberland pig based on DNA analysis and selective breeding; farmers who had worked with the last surviving originals agreed that the new pig was a good match in appearance. It is hoped that the new pigs resulting from the programme will in future be a source of authentic Cumberland hams and sausages: however, whilst the Rare Breeds Survival Trust commented that they appreciated the project, they stated they would not recognize the breed as a true Cumberland pig.[5]
In 2008, after years of selective breeding, a sow was born with a 99.6% DNA match for the Cumberland. However, it proved infertile.[7]
The original Cumberland pig's genetic heritage is also present in the Middle White and possibly in the Chester White breed of the United States.
See also
- Oxford Sandy and Black, another re-created breed
References
- ^ The Cumberland Sausage Association (2006), Application to Register: 'Traditional Cumberland Sausage' (PDF), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2009
- ^ Spencer, Sanders (1898). Pigs. Breeds and Management (Second ed.). London: Vinton & Company, Ltd. p. 35.
- ^ Development of pig production in the United Kingdom: report of the Advisory Committee on Development of Pig Production in the United Kingdom, HMSO, 1955
- ^ "The Decline of Traditional Breeds". British Pig Association. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ a b Burdett, Anna (6 June 2008). "Nearly 50 years after the last Cumberland pig died, DNA and a man's passion revive the breed". The Cumberland News. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008.
- ^ De Quincey, Victor. "Things to do in Bothel, Cumbria". AboutBritain.com. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- ^ "Cumberland pig bred to restart extinct breed is infertile"[permanent dead link], Cumberland News, 19 March 2010.