D-Wave Two

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D-Wave Two
Also known asVesuvius
DeveloperD-Wave Systems
ManufacturerD-Wave Systems
Product familyD-Wave
TypeQuantum computer
CPUApproximately 512-qubit (varies)
Dimensions10 square metre room
PredecessorD-Wave One
Websitewww.dwavesys.com/d-wave-two-system

D-Wave Two (project code name Vesuvius) is the second commercially available quantum computer, and the successor to the first commercially available quantum computer, D-Wave One. Both computers were developed by Canadian company D-Wave Systems.[1] The computers are not general purpose, but rather are designed for quantum annealing. Specifically, the computers are designed to use quantum annealing to solve a single type of problem known as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization.[2] As of 2015, it is still heavily debated whether large scale entanglement takes place in D-Wave Two, and whether current or future generations of D-Wave computers will have any advantage over classical computers.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

D-Wave Two boasts a CPU of approximately 512 qubits—an improvement over the D-Wave One series' CPUs of approximately 128 qubits[10] The number of qubits can vary significantly from chip to chip, due to flaws in manufacturing.[11] The increase in qubit count for the D-Wave Two was accomplished by tiling qubit pattern of the D-Wave One. This pattern, named chimera by D-Wave Systems, has a limited connectivity such that a given qubit can only interact with at most six other qubits.[9] As with the D-Wave One, this restricted connectivity greatly limits the optimization problems that can be approached with the hardware.[11]

In March 2013, several groups of researchers at the Adiabatic Quantum Computing workshop at the Institute of Physics in London produced evidence of quantum entanglement in D-Wave CPUs.[12] Additionally, in March 2014, researchers from University College London and University of Southern California supported that, finding that the D-Wave Two showed the quantum physics outcome that it should while not showing three different classical physics outcomes.[13][14]

In May 2013, Catherine McGeoch verified that D-Wave Two finds solutions to a synthetic benchmark set of Ising spin optimization problems. The results were compared to CPLEX which is a commercial optimization software package capable of proving optimality. Her work was concerned with demonstrating the correctness of the device, but is often being incorrectly cited by public media as a head-to-head benchmark. It has repeatedly been shown that D-Wave Two is no faster than an ordinary laptop.[15][16] In April 2013, a paper by Boixo demonstrated that simulated annealing only needs about a second on a laptop to solve the type of problems considered by McGeoch.[15] The paper appeared in Nature Physics in February 2014.[17] Independently, Alex Selby demonstrated that a well-designed heuristic algorithm was about as fast as D-Wave Two in June 2013. In addition Jean-François Puget from IBM demonstrated that running an updated release of CPLEX improved performance under similar conditions by 18 times. Closing the gap somewhat on the 3666X speed-up.[18] Increasing the hardware resources in the form of additional parallel threads improved CPLEX performance further.

A D-Wave Two in the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division of Ames Research Center is used for research into machine learning and related fields of study. NASA, Google, and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) started the lab in 2013.[19][20][21][22]

References

  1. ^ Grossman, Lev (6 February 2014). "The Quantum Quest for a Revolutionary Computer". Time.com. Time Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
  2. ^ Dahl, E. D. (November 2013). "Programming with D-Wave: Map Coloring Problem" (PDF). D-Wave Systems.
  3. ^ Aaronson, Scott (16 January 2014). "What happens when an unstoppable PR force hits an NP-hard problem? The answer's getting clearer". Shtetl-Optimized. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  4. ^ Aaronson, Scott (6 February 2014). "TIME's cover story on D-Wave: A case study in the conventions of modern journalism". Shtetl-Optimized. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  5. ^ Aaronson, Scott (6 February 2014). "Umesh Vazirani responds to Geordie Rose". Shtetl-Optimized. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  6. ^ Rose, Geordie (4 February 2014). "The recent "How Quantum is the D-Wave Machine?" Shin et al. paper". Hack the Multiverse. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  7. ^ Rønnow, Troels F.; et al. (25 July 2014). "Defining and detecting quantum speedup". Science. 345 (6195). AAAS: 420–424. doi:10.1126/science.1252319. PMID 25061205. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  8. ^ Katzgraber, Helmut G.; Hamze, Firas; Andrist, Ruben S. (April 2014). "Glassy Chimeras Could Be Blind to Quantum Speedup: Designing Better Benchmarks for Quantum Annealing Machines". Physical Review. 4 (2). American Physical Society: 021008. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021008. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  9. ^ a b Seung Woo Shin; et al. (28 January 2014). "How 'Quantum' is the D-Wave Machine?". arXiv.
  10. ^ Smalley, Eric (22 February 2012). "D-Wave Defies World of Critics with 'First Quantum Cloud'". Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b King, Andrew D.; McGeoch, Catherine C. (9 October 2014). "Algorithm engineering for a quantum annealing platform". arXiv.
  12. ^ Aron, Jacob (8 March 2013). "Controversial quantum computer aces entanglement tests". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  13. ^ Hardy, Quentin (24 March 2014). "Quantum Computing Research May Back Controversial Company". Bits. The New York Times Company.
  14. ^ Albash, Tameem; et al. (17 March 2014). "Distinguishing Classical and Quantum Models for the D-Wave Device". arXiv.
  15. ^ a b Boixo, Sergio; et al. (16 April 2013). "Quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits". arXiv. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  16. ^ Puget, Jean-François. "D-Wave vs CPLEX Comparison. Part 1: QAP". IBM DeveloperWorks. IBM. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  17. ^ Boixo, Sergio; et al. (28 February 2014). "Evidence for quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits". Nature Physics. 10. Nature Publishing Group: 218–224. doi:10.1038/nphys2900. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  18. ^ Puget, Jean-François (17 June 2013). "D-Wave vs CPLEX Comparison. Part 2: QUBO". IBM DeveloperWorks. IBM. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  19. ^ Choi, Charles (16 May 2013). "Google and NASA Launch Quantum Computing AI Lab". MIT Technology Review. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  20. ^ Hardy, Quentin (16 May 2013). "Google Buys a Quantum Computer". Bits. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  21. ^ "NASA, Google and USRA establish Quantum Computing Research Collaboration; 20% of Computing Time will be Provided to the University Community". USRA.edu. Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Launching the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab". Google Research Blog. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

Further reading

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