Endoceras

Endoceras; Temporal range: M-U Ordovician
	Specimens in Milan
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Subclass:	Nautiloidea
Order:	†Endocerida
Family:	†Endoceratidae
Genus:	†Endoceras; Hall, 1847

Endoceras (Ancient Greek for "inner horn") is an extinct genus of large, straight shelled cephalopods from the Middle and Upper Ordovician that gives its name to the Nautiloid order Endocerida. The cross section in the mature portion is slightly wider than high, but is narrower laterally in the young. Sutures are straight and transverse. Endoceras has a large siphuncle, located close to the ventral margin, composed of concave segments, especially in the young but which may be tubular in the adult stage. Endocones are simple, subcircular in cross section, and penetrated by a narrow tube which may contain diaphragms reminiscent of the Ellesmerocerid ancestor.

Endoceras was named by Hall in 1847. Distribution is widespread, especially in North America and Europe; and fossils have been found in Australia.^[1] Endoceras is similar to Cameroceras, the two may be synonymous, but differs from the genus Nanno in that the siphuncle in Nanno fills the entire apical portion of the shell while in Endoceras the siphuncle is ventral even there with septa formed at the onset.

Mature, full grown, Endoceras were most likely ambush predators that lay in wait on the sea floor, moving when necessary to gain the advantage. Younger individuals with compressed cross sections may have been more actively mobile.

Size

A specimen of Endoceras giganteum at the Museum of Comparative Zoology measures 3 meters (9.8 ft) as preserved.^[2] The most recent estimate puts its complete size at 5.7 meters (18.7 ft). This would make it the largest cephalopod by length in the fossil record.^[3] There is additionally an unconfirmed report of a 9.1 meter (30 ft) shell that was destroyed.^[4]

References

Teichert, C. 1964. Endoceratoidea; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K; Geol Soc of America and University of Kansas Press

^ "Fossil reveals giant underwater killing machine that once called outback Australia home". www.abc.net.au. 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
^ Teichert, C.; Kummel, B. (1960). "Size of endoceroid cephalopods". Breviora. 128: 1–7.
^ Klug, C.; De Baets, K.; Kröger, B.; Bell, M.A.; Korn, D.; Payne, J.L. (2015). "Normal giants? Temporal and latitudinal shifts of Palaeozoic marine invertebrate gigantism and global change". Lethaia. 48 (2): 267–288. doi:10.1111/let.12104.
^ Flower, R.H. (1955). "Status of endoceroid classification". Journal of Paleontology. 29 (3): 329–371. JSTOR 1300321.

[1] "Fossil reveals giant underwater killing machine that once called outback Australia home". www.abc.net.au. 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-12.

[teichert&kummel-2] Teichert, C.; Kummel, B. (1960). "Size of endoceroid cephalopods". Breviora. 128: 1–7.

[klugetal-3] Klug, C.; De Baets, K.; Kröger, B.; Bell, M.A.; Korn, D.; Payne, J.L. (2015). "Normal giants? Temporal and latitudinal shifts of Palaeozoic marine invertebrate gigantism and global change". Lethaia. 48 (2): 267–288. doi:10.1111/let.12104.

[4] Flower, R.H. (1955). "Status of endoceroid classification". Journal of Paleontology. 29 (3): 329–371. JSTOR 1300321.

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