Environmental impact of fishing: Difference between revisions

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-[[File:Fishing down the food web.jpg|thumb|350px|Fishing down the [[foodweb]]]]
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-The '''environmental impact of fishing'' involves different issues such as the availability of [[fish]] to be caught, such as [[overfishing]], [[fisheries]], and [[fisheries management]]; and issues that involve the impact of fishing on other elements of the environment, such as [[by-catch]]. These conservation  issues are part of [[marine conservation]], and are addressed in [[fisheries science]] programs. There is a growing gap between how many fish are available to be caught and humanity’s desire to catch them, a problem that gets worse as the [[world population]] grows.  Similar to other [[environmental issues]], there can be conflict between the [[fishermen]] who depend on fishing and fishery scientists whose studies indicate that if future fish populations are to be [[sustainability|sustainable]] then some fisheries must reduce or even close.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}
-The journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' published a four-year study in November 2006, which  predicted that, at prevailing trends, the world would run out of wild-caught [[seafood]] in 2048.   The scientists stated that the decline was a result of [[overfishing]], [[pollution]] and other environmental factors that were reducing the population of fisheries at the same time as their ecosystems were being annihilated. Yet again the analysis has met criticism as being fundamentally flawed, and many fishery management officials, industry representatives and scientists challenge the findings, although the debate continues. Many countries, such as [[Tonga]], the [[United States]], [[Australia]] and [[bahamas]], and international management bodies have taken steps to appropriately manage marine resources.<ref>{{cite journal
- | author = Worm, Boris, et al.
- | date = 2006-11-03
- | title = Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services
- | journal = Science
- | volume = 314
- | issue = 5800
- | pages = 787–790
- | doi = 10.1126/science.1132294
- | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/314/5800/787
- | accessdate = 2006-11-04
- | pmid = 17082450
- }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
- |author=Juliet Eilperin
- |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/02/AR2006110200913.html
- |title=Seafood Population Depleted by 2048, Study Finds
- |publisher= ''[[The Washington Post]]''
- |date=2 November 2006}}</ref>
-==Effects on habitat==
-{{main|Dynamite fishing|Cyanide fishing|Bottom trawling}}
-[[File:Turtlekill1.jpg|thumb|A sea turtle killed by a boat propeller]]
-Some fishing techniques also may cause habitat destruction. [[Explosive fishing]] and [[cyanide fishing]], which are illegal in many places, harm surrounding habitat.  [[Bottom trawling]], the practice of pulling a fishing net along the sea bottom behind [[Commercial trawler|trawlers]], removes around 5 to 25% of an area's seabed life on a single run.<ref>[http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2001/coasts/coasts05-6.html#changestobenthic]</ref> A 2005 report of the [[UN Millennium Project]], commissioned by UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], recommended the elimination of bottom trawling on the high seas by 2006 to protect seamounts and other ecologically sensitive habitats. This was not done.
-In mid October 2006, US President Bush joined other world leaders calling for a moratorium on deep-sea [[trawling]], a practice shown to often have harmful effects on sea habitat and, hence, on fish populations. No further action was taken.
-==Overfishing==
-{{main|Overfishing}}
-[[Overfishing]] has also been widely reported due to increases in the volume of fishing hauls to feed a quickly growing number of consumers. This has led to the breakdown of some sea ecosystems and several fishing industries whose catch has been greatly diminished.<ref>[http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_of.asp Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - Issues - Overfishing<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/save-our-seas-2/don-t-waste-our-oceans Overfishing | Greenpeace International<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The extinction of many species has also been reported.<ref>[http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/peril_overfishing.html Ocean Planet:perils-overfishing<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to a [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] estimate, over 70% of the world’s fish species are either fully exploited or depleted.<ref>http://www.un.org/events/tenstories/story.asp?storyID=800</ref>  According to the Secretary General of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, "Overfishing cannot continue, the depletion of fisheries poses a major threat to the food supply of millions of people."<ref>http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/whats_new/otherstories_fishing_2808.htm</ref>
-The cover story of the May 15, 2003 issue of the science journal [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] – with Dr. [[Ransom A. Myers]], an internationally prominent fisheries biologist (Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada) as the lead author – was devoted to a summary of the scientific information.  The story asserted that, as compared with 1950 levels, only a remnant (in some instances, as little as 10%) of all large ocean-fish stocks are left in the seas.  These large ocean fish are the species at the top of the food chains (e.g., [[tuna]], [[cod]], among others). This article was subsequently criticized as being fundamentally flawed, although much debate still exists (Walters 2003; Hampton et al. 2005; Maunder et al. 2006; Polacheck 2006;Sibert et al. 2006) and the majority of fisheries scientists now consider the results irrelevant with respect to large [[pelagic]]s (the open seas).<ref>[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/PFRP/large_pelagics/large_pelagic_predators.html ''Changes in the Biomass of Large Pelagic Predators''] – Pelagic Fisheries Research Program</ref>
-==Ecological disruption==
-Fishing may disrupt [[food web]]s by targeting specific, in-demand species. There might be too much fishing of prey species such as [[sardine]]s and [[anchovies]], thus reducing the food supply for the predators. It may also cause the increase of prey species when the target fishes are predator species such as [[salmon]] and [[tuna]].
-==By-catch==
-{{main|By-catch}}
-By-catch is the portion of the catch that is not the target species. These are either kept to be sold or discarded.  In some instances the discarded portion is known as [[discards]]. Even sports fisherman discard a lot of non-target and target fish on the bank while fishing <ref>[https://peerj.com/preprints/120v1/ McCallum, M.L., G.M. Worley, B. Safi, K. Dickens, J Jones, J.L. McCallum. 2013. By-catch in a recreational fishery: an unmonitored source of mortality. PeerJ Preprints 1:e120v1]</ref>
-==Possible remedies==
-{{main|Fisheries management|Fish farming}}
-Many governments and intergovernmental bodies have implemented [[fisheries management]] policies designed to curb the environmental impact of fishing.  Fishing conservation aims to control the human activities that may completely decrease a fish stock or washout an entire aquatic environment. These laws include the quotas on the total catch of particular species in a fishery, effort quotas (e.g., number of days at sea), the limits on the number of vessels allowed in specific areas, and the imposition of seasonal restrictions on fishing..
-In 2008 a large scale study of fisheries that used [[individual transferable quota]]s and ones that didn't provided strong evidence that individual transferable quotas can help to prevent collapses and restore fisheries that appear to be in decline.<ref>Costello, Christopher; Gaines, Steven D and Lynham, John (2008) [http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~costello/research/CatchShares/ ''Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse?''] Science Vol 321, No 5896, pp 1678–1681.</ref><ref>[http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/dn14762-guaranteed-fish-quotas-halt-commercial-freeforall.html?feedId=online-news_rss20  New Scientist: Guaranteed fish quotas halt commercial free-for-all]</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?source=hptextfeature&story_id=12253181 A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster] The Economist, 18th Sept, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/s-nso091208.php New study offers solution to global fisheries collapse] Eureka alert.</ref>
-[[Fish farming]] has been proposed as a more sustainable alternative to traditional capture of [[Wild fisheries|wild fish]]. However, fish farming has been found to have negative impacts on nearby wild fish.<ref>[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060046 PLoS Biology - Can Farmed and Wild Salmon Coexist?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Further, farming of predatory fish [[Aquaculture of salmon#Impact on forage fish|like salmon]] can rely on fish feed that is based on [[fish meal]] and [[Fish oil|oil]] from [[Forage fish|wild fish]].<ref name="Alliance">[[Seafood Choices Alliance]] (2005) [http://www.seafoodchoices.com/resources/afishianado_pdfs/Salmon_Spring05.pdf It's all about salmon]</ref>
-The environmental impact of recreational fishing may be alleviated to some extent by [[catch and release]] fishing.
-== See also ==
-*[[Population dynamics of fisheries]]
-*[[Environmental effects of meat production]]
-*''[[The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat]]'' (book)
-*''[[One Fish, Two Fish, Crawfish, Bluefish]]'' (book)
-*[[Shark finning]]
-*[[Sustainable food system]]
-*[[Marine debris]]
-==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
-==Further reading==
-*Castro, P. and M. Huber. (2003). Marine Biology. 4<sup>th </sup>ed. Boston: McGraw Hill.
-*Hampton, J., Sibert, J. R., Kleiber, P., Maunder, M. N., and Harley, S. J. 2005. Changes in abundance of large pelagic predators in the Pacific Ocean. Nature, 434: E2-E3.
-*Maunder, M.N., Sibert, J.R. Fonteneau, A., Hampton, J., Kleiber, P., and Harley, S. 2006. Interpreting catch-per-unit-of-effort data to assess the status of individual stocks and communities. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63: 1373-1385.
-*Myers, Ransom and Boris Worm. (May 15, 2003). "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities," ''Nature'', Vol 423. London: Nature Publishing.
-*Polacheck, T. 2006. "Tuna longline catch rates in the Indian Ocean: did industrial fishing result in a 90% rapid decline in the abundance of large predatory species?" Marine Policy, 30: 470-482.
-*FAO Fisheries Department. (2002). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
-*Sibert, et al. 2006. Biomass, Size, and Trophic Status of Top Predators in the Pacific Ocean Science 314: 1773
-*Walters, C. J. 2003. Folly and fantasy in the analysis of spatial catch rate data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60: 1433-1436.
-==External links==
-*[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/PFRP/ Pelagic Fisheries Research Program]
-*[http://www.icsf.net International Collective in Support of Fishworkers website]
-*[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N03201755.htm United Nations conference in criticism of deep-sea trawling]
-*[http://www.savethehighseas.org/display.cfm?ID=139 Bush backs international deep-sea trawling moratorium]
-*[http://www.uwtv.org/programs/displayevent.aspx?rID=2515&fID=456 Re-interpreting the Fisheries Crisis seminar by Prof. Ray Hilborn]
-*[http://www.fishonline.org/ UK Database of commercially sold fish with stock status]
-*[http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/seafoodwatch.asp Database on stock status of US seafood]
-* [http://www.conservationinstitute.org/ Conservation Science Institute]
-*[http://www.olrac.com/knowledge-base The facts about the Commercial Fishing Environment]
-{{human impact on the environment|state=expanded}}
-{{fishery science topics|expanded=none}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Environmental Effects Of Fishing}}
-[[Category:Environmental issues with fishing| ]]
-[[Category:Environmental impact by source|Fishing]]