Globe Theatre

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This article is about the Globe Theatre of Shakespeare. For the modern reconstruction in London, see Shakespeare's Globe. For other uses, see Globe Theatre (disambiguation).

The Globe Theatre
The second Globe, preliminary sketch (c. 1638) for Hollar's 1647 Long View of London.[1]
Map
AddressMaiden Lane (now Park Street) Southwark[2][3]
London
England
OwnerLord Chamberlain's Men
DesignationDemolished
TypeElizabethan theatre
Capacity3,000–seated and standing
Construction
Opened1599
Closed1642
Rebuilt1614
ArchitectPeter Street (carpenter)

The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, and was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613.[4] A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and closed in 1642.[5]

A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named "Shakespeare's Globe", opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre.[6]

Location

Examination of old property records has identified the plot of land occupied by the Globe as extending from the west side of modern-day Southwark Bridge Road eastwards as far as Porter Street and from Park Street southwards as far as the back of Gatehouse Square.[2][7] However, the precise location of the building remained unknown until a small part of the foundations, including one original pier base, was discovered in 1989 beneath the car park at the rear of Anchor Terrace on Park Street.[8] The shape of the foundations is now replicated on the surface. As the majority of the foundations lies beneath 67—70 Anchor Terrace, a listed building, no further excavations have been permitted.[9]

History

Second Globe Theatre, from Hollar's View of London, 1647. Hollar sketched the building from life, but only later assembled the drawings into his View; he switched his images of The Globe, (so putting it too close to the river) and the nearby bear-baiting enclosure.[1] The image on the flag is Hercules carrying a celestial globe.[10]
The Globe Theatre is shown at the bottom centre of this London street map, but the actual position is to the south of Maiden Lane, and not as indicated.[11] Enlarge
Position on modern street plan
Site of the Globe Theatre, from Park Street; the dark line in the centre marks the foundation line. The white wall beyond is the rear of Anchor Terrace.

The Globe was owned by actors who were also shareholders in Lord Chamberlain's Men. Two of the six Globe shareholders, Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage, owned double shares of the whole, or 25% each; the other four men, Shakespeare, John Heminges, Augustine Phillips, and Thomas Pope, owned a single share, or 12.5%. (Originally William Kempe was intended to be the seventh partner, but he sold out his share to the four minority sharers, leaving them with more than the originally planned 10%).[12] These initial proportions changed over time as new sharers were added. Shakespeare's share diminished from 1/8 to 1/14, or roughly 7%, over the course of his career.[13]

The Globe was built in 1599 using timber from an earlier theatre, The Theatre, which had been built by Richard Burbage's father, James Burbage, in Shoreditch in 1576. The Burbages originally had a 21-year lease of the site on which The Theatre was built but owned the building outright. However, the landlord, Giles Allen, claimed that the building had become his with the expiry of the lease. On 28 December 1598, while Allen was celebrating Christmas at his country home, carpenter Peter Street, supported by the players and their friends, dismantled The Theatre beam by beam and transported it to Street's waterfront warehouse near Bridewell. With the onset of more favourable weather in the following spring, the material was ferried over the Thames to reconstruct it as The Globe on some marshy gardens to the south of Maiden Lane, Southwark.[14] The new theatre was larger than the building it replaced, with the older timbers being reused as part of the new structure; the Globe was not merely the old Theatre newly set up at Bankside.[15] It was probably completed by the summer of 1599, possibly in time for the first production of Henry V and its famous reference to the performance crammed within a "wooden O".[16] Dover Wilson defers the opening date until September 1599, taking the "wooden O" reference to be disparaging and thus unlikely to be used in the Globe's inaugural staging. He suggests that a Swiss tourist's account of a performance of Julius Caesar witnessed on 21 September 1599 describes the more likely first production.[17] The first performance for which a firm record remains was Jonson's Every Man out of His Humour—with its first scene welcoming the "gracious and kind spectators"—at the end of the year.[18][19]

On 29 June 1613 the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry the Eighth. A theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no one was hurt except a man whose burning breeches were put out with a bottle of ale.[20] It was rebuilt in the following year.

Like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642. It was pulled down in 1644, or slightly later—the commonly cited document dating the act to 15 April 1644 has been identified as a probable forgery—to make room for tenements.[21]

Layout

The Globe's actual dimensions are unknown, but its shape and size can be approximated from scholarly inquiry over the last two centuries.[22] The evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet (30 m) in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators.[23] The Globe is shown as round on Wenceslas Hollar's sketch of the building, later incorporated into his engraved "Long View" of London in 1647. However, in 1988–89, the uncovering of a small part of the Globe's foundation suggested that it was a polygon of 20 sides.[2][24][25]

At the base of the stage, there was an area called the pit,[26] (or, harking back to the old inn-yards, yard)[27] where, for a penny, people (the "groundlings") would stand on the rush-strewn earthen floor to watch the performance.[28] During the excavation of the Globe in 1989 a layer of nutshells was found, pressed into the dirt flooring so as to form a new surface layer.[8] Vertically around the yard were three levels of stadium-style seats, which were more expensive than standing room. A rectangular stage platform, also known as an 'apron stage', thrust out into the middle of the open-air yard. The stage measured approximately 43 feet (13.1 m) in width, 27 feet (8.2 m) in depth and was raised about 5 feet (1.5 m) off the ground. On this stage, there was a trap door for use by performers to enter from the "cellarage" area beneath the stage.[29]

The back wall of the stage had two or three doors on the main level, with a curtained inner stage in the centre (although not all scholars agree about the existence of this supposed "inner below"),[30] and a balcony above it. The doors entered into the "tiring house"[31](backstage area) where the actors dressed and awaited their entrances. The floors above may have been used to store costumes and props and as management offices.[32] The balcony housed the musicians and could also be used for scenes requiring an upper space, such as the balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet. Rush matting covered the stage, although this may only have been used if the setting of the play demanded it.[20]

Large columns on either side of the stage supported a roof over the rear portion of the stage. The ceiling under this roof was called the "heavens," and was painted with clouds and the sky.[2] A trap door in the heavens enabled performers to descend using some form of rope and harness.

Motto

The name of the Globe supposedly alludes to the Latin tag totus mundus agit histrionem, in turn derived from quod fere totus mundus exerceat histrionem—"because all the world plays the actor"—from Petronius, which had wide circulation in England in the Burbages' time. Totus mundus agit histrionem was, according to this explanation, therefore adopted as the theatre's motto. It seems likely, however, that the link between the saying and the Globe was made only later, originating with the industrious early Shakespeare biographer William Oldys, who claimed as his source a private manuscript to which he once had access. This was repeated in good faith by his literary executor George Steevens, but the tale is now thought "suspicious".[33][34]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Cooper, Tarnya, ed. (2006). "A view from St Mary Overy, Southwark, looking towards Westminster, c.1638". Searching for Shakespeare. London: National Portrait Gallery. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0-300-11611-3.
  2. ^ a b c d Mulryne, J R (1997). Shakespeare’s Globe Rebuilt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59988-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Wilson, Ian (1993). Shakespeare the Evidence. London: Headline. xiii. ISBN 0-7472-0582-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Nagler 1958, p. 8.
  5. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 1998 edition.
  6. ^ Measured using Google earth
  7. ^ Braines, William (1924). The site of the Globe Playhouse Southwark (2 ed.). London: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 3157657.
  8. ^ a b Simon McCudden 'The Discovery of The Globe
  9. ^ Bowsher and Miller (2009: 4)
  10. ^ Kastan, David Scott. "Shakespeare's playhouses". A companion to Shakespeare. Oxford, England: Blackwell. p. 369. ISBN 0-631-20665-5.
  11. ^ The original lease to the Globe's plot of land specifically states that Maiden Lane was to the south, and this caused much subsequent debate. The actual position is at the point of the "elbow" of the unnamed alley (Globe Alley in 1909) to the south-west: Bowsher; Miller (2009:107)
  12. ^ Gurr (1991: 45–46)
  13. ^ Schoenbaum, pp. 648–9.
  14. ^ Shapiro, James (2005). 1599—a year in the life of William Shakespeare. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 122, 129. ISBN 0-571-21480-0.
  15. ^ Adams, John Cranford (1961). The Globe Playhouse. Its design and equipment (2 ed.). London: John Constable. OCLC 556737149., quoted in Bowsher and Miller (2009: 90)
  16. ^ Bate, Jonathan; Rasmussen, Eric (2007). William Shakespeare Complete Works. London: Macmillan. p. 1030. ISBN 978-0-230-00350-7.
  17. ^ Dover Wilson, John (1968). The Works of Shakespeare—Julius Caesar. Cambridge New Shakespeare. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. ix. ISBN 0-521-09482-8.
  18. ^ Bowsher and Miller (2009: 90)
  19. ^ Stern, Tiffany (2010). "The Globe Theatre and the open-air amphitheatres". In Sanders, Julie (ed.). Ben Jonson in Context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-521-89571-5.
  20. ^ a b Wotton, Henry (2 July 1613). "Letters of Wotton". In Smith, Logan Pearsall (ed.). The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton. Vol. Two. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. pp. 32–33.
  21. ^ Mulryne; Shewring (1997) p. 75
  22. ^ Egan, Gabriel (1999). "Reconstructions of The Globe: A Retrospective" (PDF). Shakespeare Survey. 52 (1): 1–16. ISBN 0-521-66074-2. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
  23. ^ Orrell, John (1989). "Reconstructing Shakespeare's Globe". History Trails. University of Alberta. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
  24. ^ Egan, Gabriel (2004). "The 1599 Globe and its modern replica: Virtual Reality modelling of the archaeological and pictorial evidence". Early Modern Literary Studies. 13: 5.1–22. ISSN 1201-2459. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
  25. ^ Mulryne; Shewing (1997: 37)
  26. ^ Britannica Student: The Theater past to present > Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Theater
  27. ^ Dekker, Thomas (1609), reprinted 1907, ISBN 0-7812-7199-1. The Gull’s Hornbook: “the stage...will bring you to most perfect light... though the scarecrows in the yard hoot at you”.
  28. ^ Dekker (1609)
  29. ^ Nagler 1958, pp. 23–24.
  30. ^ Kuritz, Paul (1988). The making of theatre history. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. pp. 189–191. ISBN 0-13-547861-8.
  31. ^ from attiring—dressing: "tiring, n.3". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
  32. ^ Bowsher and Miller (2009: 136–137)
  33. ^ Ingleby, Clement Mansfield; Toulmin Smith, Lucy; Furnival, Frederick (1909). Monro, John (ed.). The Shakespere allusion-book : a collection of allusions to Shakespere from 1591 to 1700. Vol. 2. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 373. OCLC 603995070.
  34. ^ Stern, Tiffany (1997). "Was 'Totus mundus agit histrionem' ever the motto of the Globe Theatre?". Theatre Notebook. 51 (3). The Society for Theatre Research: 121. ISSN 0040-5523.

References

  • Bowsher, Julian; Miller, Pat (2009). The Rose and the Globe – playhouses of Shakespeare's Bankside, Southwark. Museum of London. ISBN 978-1-901992-85-4. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Gurr, Andrew (1991). The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Press. ISBN 0-521-42240-X. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Nagler, A.M. (1958). Shakespeare's Stage. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02689-7. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Schoenbaum, Samuel (1991). Shakespeare's Lives. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-818618-5. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

External links

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