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Guanylurea dinitramide

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Guanylurea dinitramide
Names
Other names
  • N-Guanylurea-dinitramide
  • Fox-12
  • GUDN
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
  • InChI=1S/C2H6N4O.HN3O4/c3-1(4)6-2(5)7;4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h(H6,3,4,5,6,7);1H
    Key: XDTNINJPSXHCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • C(=NC(=O)N)(N)N.N([N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-]
Properties
C2H7N7O5
Molar mass 209.122 g·mol−1
Appearance White crystalline powder
Density 1.760 g cm−3
Explosive data
Detonation velocity 8235 m/s
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Explosive
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Guanylurea dinitramide (FOX-12 or GUDN) is a novel insensitive high explosive.

History

GUDN was discovered by Abraham Langlet, a chemist at the Swedish Defence Research Agency, and patented in 1997.[1] The moniker FOX-12 stems from the Swedish-language acronym for the Agency, FOI, plus x for "explosive."[2]

Applications

GUDN is particularly valued for its extreme stability and insensitivity.

GUDN found its first major application when mixed with oxidizers such as potassium nitrate or copper nitrate in automotive airbag inflators.[3]

Propellant

GUDN is also used in a 60/40 mix with RDX as a propellant in the UNIFLEX 2 IM modular artillery charge system fielded in the BAE 155mm/L52 Archer howitzer.[4]

Explosive

Blended in equal parts with TNT, GUDN forms the a melt-castable explosive known as GUNTOL. A variation adding 15% Aluminum is known as GUNTONAL.[5]

Explosive character

Upon detonation, GUDN undergoes a thermal decomposition which is not entirely understood as of 2021.[6] The calculated detonation velocity is 8235 m/s, with a detonation pressure of 25.89 GPa, and a detonation temperature of 2887 K.[7]

Synthesis

GUDN is synthesized by a reaction of Ammonium dinitramide and the sulfate salt of guanylurea.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ SE 9701897D0, Langlet, Abraham, "Compound consisting of guanyl urea dinitramide, explosive containing the compound and use of the compound in gas generators.", issued 1997-05-21, assigned to Swedish Defence Research Agency 
  2. ^ a b Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2015). High energy materials : propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics. [Place of publication not identified]: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-80268-5. OCLC 932258181.
  3. ^ Energetic materials. Part 1, Decomposition, crystal and molecular properties. Peter Politzer, J. S. Murray. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2003. ISBN 978-0-444-51518-6. OCLC 162579950.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ Dahlberg, Johan. "New Low-Sensitivity Modular Charge Propellant Based on GUDN" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Helte, Andreas; Oestmark, Henric (January 2010). "Extremely low sensitivity melt castable explosives based on fox-12". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Jiang, Liping; Fu, Xiaolong; Fan, Xuezhong; Li, Jizhen; Xie, Wuxi; Zhang, Guofang; Zhou, Zhongyue; Zhang, Wei (2021-07-01). "Study on N-guanylurea-dinitramide (GUDN) decomposition using theoretical simulations, online photoionization mass spectrometry and TG-DSC-IR-MS experiments". Combustion and Flame. 229: 111406. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111406. ISSN 0010-2180. S2CID 233544885.
  7. ^ Koch, Ernst-Christian (November 2011). "L-175 Insensitive Explosive Materials: VII - Guanylurea Dinitramide GUDN". Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center.