Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Hill lists in the British Isles)
Jump to: navigation, search
Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain

The mountains and hills of Great Britain, and to a lesser extent Ireland, are the subject of a considerable number of lists that categorise them by height, topographic prominence, or other criteria. They are commonly used as a basis for peak bagging, whereby hillwalkers attempt to reach all the summits on a given list. The oldest and best known of these lists is that of the Munros, mountains in Scotland over 3,000 feet (914 m); other well-known lists include the Corbetts, Wainwrights and Marilyns.

There is no worldwide consensus on the definition of "mountain", but in Great Britain and Ireland it is often taken to be any summit at least 2,000 feet (or 610 metres) high.[1][2][3][4][5] The UK government defines mountain as land over 600 metres for the purposes of freedom of access.[6] In addition, some definitions also include a topographical prominence requirement, typically 100 feet (30 m) or 500 feet (152 m).[3] In practice, mountains in Scotland are frequently referred to as "hills" no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the Cuillin Hills and the Torridon Hills. In Wales, the distinction is more a term of land use and appearance which has nothing to do with height.

Contents

[edit] Scotland

[edit] Munros

Ben Hope, the most northerly Munro
Main article: Munro

The Munros are mountains in Scotland over 3,000 ft (914.4 m). The list was originally compiled by Sir Hugh Munro in 1891, and is modified from time to time by the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC).[7] Unlike most other lists, the Munros do not depend on a rigid prominence criterion for entry; instead, those that satisfy the subjective measure of being a "separate mountain" are regarded as Munros, while subsidiary summits are given the status of tops. There are 282 Munros and 227 further tops, all of them in the Scottish Highlands.

[edit] Corbetts

Merrick is both a Corbett and a Donald

The Corbetts are peaks in Scotland that are between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (762.0 and 914.4 m) high with a relative height of at least 500 feet (152.4 m). The list was compiled in the 1920s by John Rooke Corbett, a Bristol-based climber and SMC member, and was published posthumously after his sister passed it to the SMC.[7] 221 Corbetts, many of them in areas of Scotland with no Munros, include Moidart, Ardgour, the Southern Uplands and the islands of Arran, Jura, Rùm and Harris.

A list of Corbett Tops, covering every mountain in Scotland with between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (762.0 and 914.4 m) of height and between 100 and 500 feet (30.48 and 152.4 m) of relative height, was published by Alan Dawson in 2001. There are currently 449 of them.

[edit] Donalds

The Donalds are mountains in the Scottish Lowlands over 2,000 ft (609.6 m). The list was compiled by Percy Donald, and is maintained by the SMC.[7] Whether a high point is a Donald is determined by a complicated formula. A mountain with a prominence of at least 30 metres (98 ft) is automatically a Donald, but one with a relative height of 15 metres (49 ft) may be one if it is of sufficient topographic interest. There are 140 Donalds, comprising 89 mountains and 51 tops.

[edit] Grahams

The Grahams are mountains in Scotland between 2,000 and 2,499 feet (609.6 and 761.7 m), with a drop of at least 150 metres (490 ft). The list of mountains fitting these criteria was first published by Alan Dawson in The Relative Hills of Britain[8] as the Elsies (LCs, short for Lesser Corbetts). They were later named Grahams after the late Fiona Torbet (née Graham) who had compiled a similar list around the same time. Dawson continues to maintain the list, which contains 224 hills distributed as follows: Highlands south of the Great Glen 92, Highlands north of the Great Glen 84, Central and Southern Scotland 23, Skye 10, Mull 7, Harris 3, Jura 2, Arran 1, Rùm 1, South Uist 1.

Dawson in 2004 published a list of Graham Tops covering Scotland down to 610 m of height and 30 m of relative height. There are 777 of them.

[edit] Murdos

Aonach Beag, one of the "mini" Murdos

The Murdos are an attempt to apply objective criteria to the Munros and their associated tops. They comprise all the summits in Scotland over 3,000 feet (914.4 m) with a relative height of at least 30 metres (98 ft). There are currently 443 Murdos, compared to 283 Munros or 510 Munros plus tops. The list was compiled by Alan Dawson.[9]

All Murdos are also Munro Tops, but many Munro Tops fail to qualify as Murdos because of insufficient relative height. Before 1997 there were seven Murdos that were not Munro Tops, some with quite substantial relative heights.[10] All seven were included in the 1997 edition of Munro's Tables, plus two non-Murdos: Little Pap on Lochnagar and Knight's Peak on Sgurr nan Gillean. The addition of Knight's Peak, on the basis of an altimeter measurement, was controversial and it was only accepted as a Murdo in 2009, some time after being re-surveyed as 915m by the Ordnance Survey.[11] Little Pap has an estimated drop of only 22 metres[12] and the reason for its re-introduction to the list, following its removal in the 1981 edition of Munro's Tables,[13] is unclear.

[edit] Outside Scotland

[edit] Furths

Caher, one of the Irish Furths

The Furths are those mountains in Great Britain and Ireland which, but for their ill luck in being situated "furth" (i.e. "outside of") Scotland, would be Munros. In fact, they are sometimes referred to as the "Irish Munros", etc. There are 34 Furths in toto; six in England, fifteen in Wales and thirteen in Ireland. The highest is Snowdon. The Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC) maintains the list of Furths and will record the claims of those Munroists who go on to compleat (sic) the Furths.

[edit] Nuttalls

Skiddaw, an English Nuttall

The Nuttalls are mountains in England and Wales over 2,000 feet (610 m) with a relative height of at least 15 metres (49 ft). There are 443 Nuttalls in total (253 in England and 190 in Wales). The list was compiled by John and Anne Nuttall and published in two volumes, The Mountains of England & Wales.[1] [14]

By including high points that rise by as little as 15 metres (49 ft) above their surroundings, the list of Nuttalls is sometimes criticised for including too many insignificant minor tops. The Hewitts (see below) are one attempt to avoid this.

With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District, the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing. As of December 2008, 163 people are known to have completed the list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit.

[edit] Hewitts

Pen yr Ole Wen, a Welsh Hewitt

The Hewitts are Hills in England, Wales and Ireland over Two Thousand feet (609.6 m), with a relative height of at least 30 metres (98 ft). The English[15] and Welsh[16] lists were compiled and are maintained by Alan Dawson; the Irish[17] list is by Clem Clements. The list addresses one of the criticisms of the Nuttalls by requiring hills to have a relative height of 30 metres (98 ft), thus excluding the 125 least prominent Nuttalls from the list.

There are 527 Hewitts in total: 178 in England, 138 in Wales and 211 in Ireland. The current TACit booklets contain 525 mountains, with Black Mountain being counted in both England and Wales. Since their publication in 1997, Birks Fell in England and Mynydd Graig Goch have been added and Black Mountain deemed to be in Wales only.

Scottish mountains are, by definition, excluded. Those that meet the criteria are published in three parts: the Murdos,[9] the Corbett Tops,[18] and the Graham Tops.[19]

[edit] Wainwrights

The Wainwrights are mountains or hills (locally known as fells) in the English Lake District National Park that have a chapter in one of Alfred Wainwright's Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells. There are 214 in the seven guides. There are no qualifications for inclusion other than an implied requirement of being at least 1,000 feet (300 m) high, to which Castle Crag is the sole exception. A further 116 summits were included in the supplementary guide, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland.

[edit] Marilyns

Pillar, an English Marilyn
Main article: Marilyn (hill)

The Marilyns are mountains and hills in the British Isles that have a relative height of at least 150 metres (492 ft), regardless of distance, absolute height or other merit. There are currently 1,554 Marilyns in Great Britain: 1,214 in Scotland, 179 in England, 156 in Wales and 5 on the Isle of Man. (Black Mountain is on the border between England and Wales, but counted in Wales.) There are a further 453 Marilyns in Ireland. The list was compiled and is maintained by Alan Dawson.[8] The name was coined as an ironic contrast word game to the designation Munro, which is homophonous with (Marilyn) Monroe.

[edit] County tops

Climbing in the highest point of each county within a country or region is another popular form of peak bagging, dating back at least to the 1920s when John Rooke Corbett was attempting to visit all British county tops.

[edit] Others

[edit] Deweys

The Deweys list are hills in England or Wales over 500 metres (1,640 feet) in altitude, but below 2,000 feet (609.6 metres), with a relative height of at least 30 metres (98 feet). The list was published by Michael Dewey in 1995.

[edit] Hardys

The Hardys list are the high points of the UK's hill ranges, islands over 1,000 acres (404.7 hectares) and top-tier administrative areas (including County Tops). There are 342 Hardys: of 61 hill ranges, 91 islands and 190 administrative areas. 178 are in England, 31 in Wales, 107 in Scotland and 26 in Northern Ireland. Portsea and Foulness are expected to be added. The list was first compiled in the 1990s by Ian Hardy.[20]

[edit] HuMPs

The Marilyns were supplemented in 2007 by the HuMPs (Hundred Metre Prominence) which reduces the Prominence requirement to 100m. The list was compiled by Mark Jackson from a large number of sources and published online in 2010 in More Relative Hills of Britain.[21] There are almost 3,000 British HuMPs, including three in the Channel Islands.

[edit] Tumps

More recently, the term 'Tump' (one source 'Thump' [22]) has been used to refer to hills with a prominence of 30 metres (roughly 100 feet).[21][23] By definition, all Hewitts are also Tumps. There are 16,644 Tumps in Great Britain; the approximately half of that number that did not appear in previously researched lists were researched by Mark Jackson between 2006 and 2009. He now maintains the list.[24]

[edit] Peak bagging culture

In the Lake District especially, there is a tradition of finding the maximum number of tops, including all the major summits, which can be visited in a 24 hour period – see Lakeland 24 hour record. This usually requires fell running, and a support team. The pre-war record, set by Bob Graham, of 42 tops, has become a standard round, which has been repeated by over 1,000 people.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Nuttall, John & Anne (2008). The Mountains of England & Wales – Volume 2: England (3rd ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. ISBN 1-85284-037-4. 
  2. ^ Survey turns hill into a mountain at news.bbc.co.uk. Accessed on 3 Feb 2013.
  3. ^ a b A Mountain is a Mountain – isn't it? at www.go4awalk.com. Accessed on 3 Feb 2013.
  4. ^ mountain at dictionary.reference.com. Accessed on 3 Feb 2013.
  5. ^ Wilson, Peter (2001). Listing the Irish hills and mountains in Irish Geography, Vol 34(1), University of Ulster, Coleraine, p. 89. [1] (pdf)
  6. ^ Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, Part 1, Chapter 1, Section 1(2). Accessed on 14 Feb 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Bearhop, D.A. (1997). Munro's Tables. Scottish Mountaineering Club & Trust. ISBN 0-907521-53-3. 
  8. ^ a b Dawson, Alan (1992). The Relative Hills of Britain. Milnthorpe: Cicerone Press. ISBN 1-85284-068-4. 
  9. ^ a b Dawson, Alan (1995). The Murdos. Cambuskenneth, Stirling: TACit Press. ISBN 0-9522680-3-5. 
  10. ^ Murdos designated new Munro Tops in 1997, http://bubl.ac.uk/org/tacit/tables/murdos/sevensum.html
  11. ^ Steam driven altimeter no more, http://bubl.ac.uk/org/tacit/tac/tac69/tac69steamdri.htm
  12. ^ Database of British Hills, http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html
  13. ^ The Munros and Tops 1891–1997, http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html#munrotab
  14. ^ Nuttall, John & Anne (2009). The Mountains of England & Wales – Volume 1: Wales (3rd ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. ISBN 1-85284-304-7. 
  15. ^ Dawson, Alan (1997). The Hewitts and Marilyns of England. Cambuskenneth, Stirling: TACit Press. ISBN 0-9522680-7-8. 
  16. ^ Dawson, Alan (1997). The Hewitts and Marilyns of Wales. Cambuskenneth, Stirling: TACit Press. ISBN 0-9522680-6-X. 
  17. ^ Clements, E.D. 'Clem' (1998). The Hewitts and Marilyns of Ireland. Cambuskenneth, Stirling: TACit Press. ISBN 0-9522680-8-6. 
  18. ^ Dawson, Alan; Hewitt, Dave (1999). Corbett Tops and Corbetteers. Cambuskenneth, Stirling: TACit Press. ISBN 0-9534376-1-2. 
  19. ^ Dawson, Alan; Clements, E.D. 'Clem'; Gordon, James (2004). Graham Tops and Grahamists. Cambuskenneth, Stirling: TACit Press. ISBN 0-9534376-2-0. 
  20. ^ Hardy, Ian, MVO (2010). The Hardys – The UK's High Points (3rd Edition). Potters Bar, Hertfordshire: Ian Hardy. ISBN 978 0 9565533 3 1 (internet version, http://www.thehardys.org/), ISBN 978 0 9565533 5 5 (DVD version).
  21. ^ a b Jackson, Mark. "More Relative Hills of Britain". Relative Hills of Britain. Retrieved 9 September 2011. 
  22. ^ Some Mountains, Hills and Summits of Great Britain at www.jbutler.org.uk. Accessed on 26 Mar 2013.
  23. ^ Marilyn Hall of Fame News, May 2012, p. 30. Accessed on 27 Mar 2013.
  24. ^ THE HILLS OF GREAT BRITAIN by Mark Jackson. Accessed on 27 Mar 2013.

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles&oldid=549226374"