Honestiores and humiliores

Honestiores and humiliores are two categories of the population of Ancient Rome, of high and low status, respectively. This included a variety of populations. Such as peasants, artisans, freed slaves, citizens, peregrini, or tenant farmers. Higher status groups such as equestrians or certain politicians would be part of the Humiliores. They would be subject to harsher legal penalties such as corporal punishment or public humiliation. While the Honestiores were exempt from such punishments. In law, the humiliores consisted of groups considered to be more humble. The humiliores were seen as lazy and dishonest. They were loathed by the honestiores. The honestiores were considered the more honorable class. They consisted of groups such as senators and the rich. The honestiores made up around 1% of the Roman population. The differences between the Honestiores and the Humiliores may have been an exclusively legal distinction. The division first appeared near the end of the 2nd century AD.

References

Bibliography

• Berger, Adolf (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-142-5.
• Duff, Paul B. (2017-11-21). Jesus Followers in the Roman Empire. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-4838-3.
• Duff, Paul B. (2001). Who Rides the Beast?: Prophetic Rivalry and the Rhetoric of Crisis in the Churches of the Apocalypse. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513835-1.
• Fleiner, Carey (2020-02-28). A writer's guide to Ancient Rome. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-3525-4.
• Grubbs, Judith A. (2002). Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-15240-2.
• Lapidge, Michael (2018). The Roman Martyrs: Introduction, Translations, and Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881136-7.
• Rohmann, Dirk (2012-10-26), Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. wbeah22157, doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22157, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6, retrieved 2022-10-08
• Sarris, Peter (2011-10-27). Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500-700. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-162002-7.
• Matyszak, Philip (2014-04-03). The Roman Empire: A Beginner's Guide. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-78074-425-4.
• MacMullen, Ramsay (2019-02-19). Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19805-7.
• McLynn, Frank (2009-08-11). Marcus Aurelius: A Life. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81830-1.
• Peachin, Michael (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518800-4.
• Perkins, Judith (2008-08-22). Roman Imperial Identities in the Early Christian Era. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-15264-3.

Literature

• A. H. M. Jones (1964). The Later Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey. Taylor & Francis.
• Krause, Jens-Uwe (Munich). "Honestiores/Humiliores". Brill's New Pauly.