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[[Image:Elf houses.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elf houses near Strandakirkja in south Iceland]]
[[Image:Elf houses.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elf houses near Strandakirkja in south Iceland]]pkie z'dghkizehfiklb;lkcf'
:xlfjkpg'opnjxk]fpgokj]xpflgkxhjp
fg[pohk[pdfghjdfghjdthjdthyjdtyjjjjjjjd
'''Huldufólk''', or Hidden People, are a part of [[Iceland]]ic [[folklore]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sveinsson | first = Einar Ólafur | authorlink = | coauthors = Einar G. Pétursson, Benedikt Benedikz, Anthony Faulkes | title = The Folk-Stories of Iceland | publisher = Viking Society For Northern Research | date = 2003 | location = University College London | pages = 170-183 | url = http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Folk-stories.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780903521536 }}</ref> Building projects in Iceland are sometimes altered to prevent damaging the rocks where they are believed to live.<ref>{{cite news | first=Sarah | last=Lyall | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Building in Iceland? Better Clear It With the Elves First | date=2005-07-13 | publisher= | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/13/international/europe/13elves.html | work =The New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2008-12-01 | language = }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book | last = Swatos | first = William H. | authorlink = | coauthors = Loftur Reimar Gissurarson | title = Icelandic spiritualism : mediumship and modernity in Iceland | publisher = Transaction Publishers | date = 1997 | location = New Brunswick, N.J. | pages = 46-49 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QLk0gqFi_1EC&pg=PA46&dq=huldufolk&lr=#PPA46,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = 9781560002734 }}</ref> In 2004, [[Alcoa]] had to have a government expert certify that their chosen building site was huldufólk-free before they could build an [[Aluminium smelting|aluminum smelter]] in Iceland.<ref>{{cite news | first=Michael | last=Lewis | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Wall Street on the Tundra | date=2009-04 | publisher= | url =http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/04/iceland200904?printable=true¤tPage=all | work =Vanity Fair | pages = | accessdate = 2009-03-09 | language = }}</ref> Icelandic gardens often feature tiny wooden álfhól (elf houses) for elves/hidden people to live in. <ref>{{cite book | last = Parnell | first = Fran | authorlink = | coauthors = Etain O'Carroll | title = Iceland | publisher = Lonely Planet | date = 2007 | location = Footscray, Vic | pages = 103 | url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82672249&referer=brief_results | doi = | id = | isbn = 9781741045376 }}</ref> [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] has explained the existence of huldufólk tales by saying: "Icelanders are few in number, so in the old times we doubled our population with tales of elves and fairies." <ref>{{cite news | first=Colin | last=Nickerson | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=In Iceland, spirits are in the material world; Many on island nation believe in other-worldly beings | date=1999-12-25 | publisher= | url =http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/elvs25.shtml | work =Seattle Post-Intelligencer | pages = | accessdate = 2009-02-26 | language = }}</ref> Hidden people often appear in the significant or prophetic dreams of Icelanders.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Dreams in Icelandic Tradition|journal=Folklore|date=1958-06|first=G.|last=Turville-Petre|coauthors=|volume=69|issue=2|pages=102-3|id= |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1258718|format=|accessdate=2009-03-05 }}</ref>
'''Huldufólk''', or Hidden People, are a part of [[Iceland]]ic [[folklore]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sveinsson | first = Einar Ólafur | authorlink = | coauthors = Einar G. Pétursson, Benedikt Benedikz, Anthony Faulkes | title = The Folk-Stories of Iceland | publisher = Viking Society For Northern Research | date = 2003 | location = University College London | pages = 170-183 | url = http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Folk-stories.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780903521536 }}</ref> Building projects in Iceland are sometimes altered to prevent damaging the rocks where they are believed to live.<ref>{{cite news | first=Sarah | last=Lyall | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Building in Iceland? Better Clear It With the Elves First | date=2005-07-13 | publisher= | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/13/international/europe/13elves.html | work =The New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2008-12-01 | language = }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book | last = Swatos | first = William H. | authorlink = | coauthors = Loftur Reimar Gissurarson | title = Icelandic spiritualism : mediumship and modernity in Iceland | publisher = Transaction Publishers | date = 1997 | location = New Brunswick, N.J. | pages = 46-49 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QLk0gqFi_1EC&pg=PA46&dq=huldufolk&lr=#PPA46,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = 9781560002734 }}</ref> In 2004, [[Alcoa]] had to have a government expert certify that their chosen building site was huldufólk-free before they could build an [[Aluminium smelting|aluminum smelter]] in Iceland.<ref>{{cite news | first=Michael | last=Lewis | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Wall Street on the Tundra | date=2009-04 | publisher= | url =http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/04/iceland200904?printable=true¤tPage=all | work =Vanity Fair | pages = | accessdate = 2009-03-09 | language = }}</ref> Icelandic gardens often feature tiny wooden álfhól (elf houses) for elves/hidden people to live in. <ref>{{cite book | last = Parnell | first = Fran | authorlink = | coauthors = Etain O'Carroll | title = Iceland | publisher = Lonely Planet | date = 2007 | location = Footscray, Vic | pages = 103 | url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82672249&referer=brief_results | doi = | id = | isbn = 9781741045376 }}</ref> [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] has explained the existence of huldufólk tales by saying: "Icelanders are few in number, so in the old times we doubled our population with tales of elves and fairies." <ref>{{cite news | first=Colin | last=Nickerson | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=In Iceland, spirits are in the material world; Many on island nation believe in other-worldly beings | date=1999-12-25 | publisher= | url =http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/elvs25.shtml | work =Seattle Post-Intelligencer | pages = | accessdate = 2009-02-26 | language = }}</ref> Hidden people often appear in the significant or prophetic dreams of Icelanders.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Dreams in Icelandic Tradition|journal=Folklore|date=1958-06|first=G.|last=Turville-Petre|coauthors=|volume=69|issue=2|pages=102-3|id= |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1258718|format=|accessdate=2009-03-05 }}</ref>


Revision as of 13:19, 27 April 2009

Elf houses near Strandakirkja in south Iceland

pkie z'dghkizehfiklb;lkcf'

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fg[pohk[pdfghjdfghjdthjdthyjdtyjjjjjjjd Huldufólk, or Hidden People, are a part of Icelandic folklore.[1] Building projects in Iceland are sometimes altered to prevent damaging the rocks where they are believed to live.[2] [3] In 2004, Alcoa had to have a government expert certify that their chosen building site was huldufólk-free before they could build an aluminum smelter in Iceland.[4] Icelandic gardens often feature tiny wooden álfhól (elf houses) for elves/hidden people to live in. [5] Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson has explained the existence of huldufólk tales by saying: "Icelanders are few in number, so in the old times we doubled our population with tales of elves and fairies." [6] Hidden people often appear in the significant or prophetic dreams of Icelanders.[7]

They are also a part of folklore in the Faroe Islands.[8] [9] [10]

Terminology

Some see the term as synonymous with álfar (elves), while others differentiate between the two. Sigubjörg Karlsdottir, an elf tour guide in Hafnarfjörður, has said: "Hidden people... are like humans: tall and handsome. Elves are a little stranger looking with big ears and long skinny legs." [11] In another example of differentiation between elves and hidden people, the following text can be found in a guesthouse in Reykjavík: "I know that elves don't drink coffee while hidden people do, since the hidden people's food is more like ours, the humans." [12] Jón Árnason, a famous Icelandic folklorist, has said that the terms are synonymous, except álfar is a pejorative term. Konrad Maurer, a German scholar, contends that huldufólk was a euphemism to avoid calling the álfar by their real name. [13] Katrin Sontag conducted ethnographic research in Iceland, and found that some people do not differentiate elves from hidden people, while others do.[14]

Origins

An engraving showing a man jumping after a woman (an elf) into a precipice. It is an illustration to the Icelandic legend of Hildur, the Queen of the Elves.

Gunnell writes: “different beliefs could have lived side by side in multicultural settlement Iceland before they gradually blended into the latter-day Icelandic álfar and huldufólk.” [15]

According to one folk tale, the origins of the hidden people can be traced to Adam and Eve. Eve hid her dirty, unwashed children from God, and lied about their existence. God then declared: "What man hides from God, God will hide from man." [16]

Elves were mentioned in eddaic poems, and appear to be connected to fertility. [17]

Official opposition to dancing may have begun in Iceland as early as the twelfth-century, and the association of dancing with elves can be seen as early as the fifteenth-century. One folktale shows the elves siding with the common people and taking revenge on a sheriff who banned dance parties. Guðmundsdóttir concludes that these legends "show that Icelanders missed dancing". [18]

In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, books from mainland Europe reached Iceland, and may have influenced folktales about elves.[19]

Sveinsson writes: "Round about 1600 sources for hidden folk become so voluminous that we can readily define the beliefs and legends about them, and after that there is one source after another about them right down into the twentieth century."[20] According to Árni Björnsson, belief in hidden people grew during the 17th and 18th centuries when Iceland was facing tough times. [21]

Holidays

There are four Icelandic holidays considered to have a special connection with hidden people: New Year’s Eve, Twelfth Night (January 6), Midsummer Night and Christmas night. [22] Elf bonfires (álfabrennur) are a common part of the holiday festivities on Twelfth Night (January 6). [23] [24] [25] There are many Icelandic folktales about elves and hidden people invading Icelandic farmhouses during Christmas and holding wild parties. [26]

Survey results

Árni Björnsson, the former director of the ethnological department of the National Museum of Iceland, did a study of Icelanders born between 1870 and 1920. He was disappointed to find that only 10% believed in supernatural beings. [27] [28]

According to a 1975 survey by psychologist Erlendur Haraldsson, Icelanders’ level of belief in hidden people and fairies can be broken down into the following percentages:

  • Impossible, 10%
  • Unlikely, 18%
  • Possible, 33%
  • Probable, 15%
  • Certain, 7%
  • No opinion, 17% [29]

There was also a 1995 survey by Pétur Pétursson, which only looked at people interested in alternative belief systems and alternative medicine rather than the general population. According to the survey, among the people this group, belief in elves broke down as follows: 70% believed in their existence, 6% did not believe in their existence, 23% were unsure, and 1% would not answer. [30]

A July 1998 survey by Dagblaðið Vísir found that 54.4% of Icelanders surveyed claimed to believe in elves, while 45.6% did not. [31] This survey has been criticized for only allowing yes or no responses rather than more nuanced answers. Notably, it also showed that supporters of Framsóknarflokkur (the Progressive Party) believed in elves more than other political parties. [32]

A 2006 survey by folklorist Terry Gunnell found that “There is a little bit more doubt than there used to be, but generally the figures were much the same as they were.” [33]

Level of belief

Anthropologist Kirsten Hastrup found that different ways of asking Icelanders about Huldufólk could elicit very different responses.[34] Similarly, Folklore professor Terry Gunnell has said: "Very few will say immediately that they 'believe' in such, but they won't deny it either." [35]

Icelandic communities in other countries may have lower levels of belief in huldufólk. Daisy L. Neijmann claims that among Icelanders in Canada, "Belief in these creatures... was geographically bound seeing that they were part of the Icelandic landscape, and therefore they could not, ultimately, survive among Icelandic Canadians." [36]

Significant sites

Álfaborg, Iceland

Scholarly explanations

Álfastein in Kópavogur. Since the elves are believed to live here, the road narrows.

Haukur Ingi Jónasson, a theologian and psychiatrist, writes: "relating with the hidden people has to do with sleep and hence dreaming, as well as with the longing for knowledge and love." [51]

Several scholars have commented on the connections between hidden people and the Icelandic natural environment. B. S. Benedikz, in his discussion of Jón Árnason's grouping of folktales about Elves, Water-dwellers, and Trolls together, writes: "The reason is of course perfectly clear. When one's life is conditioned by a landscape dominated by rocks twisted by volcanic action, wind and water into ferocious and alarming shapes... the imagination fastens on these natural phenomena".[52] Ólina Thorvarðardóttir writes: "Oral tales concerning Icelandic elves and trolls no doubt served as warning fables. They prevented many children from wandering away from human habitations, taught Iceland's topographical history, and instilled fear and respect for the harsh powers of nature."[53] Michael Strmiska writes: "The Huldufólk are... not so much supernatural as ultranatural, representing not an overcoming of nature in the hope of a better deal beyond but a deep reverence for the land and the mysterious powers able to cause fertility or famine."[54] Pálsdóttir claims that in a landscape filled with earthquakes, avalanches, and volcanoes, "it is no wonder that the native people have assigned some secret life to the landscape. There had to be some unseen powers behind such unpredictability, such cruelty." [55] Alan Boucher writes: "Thus the Icelander's ambivalent attitude towards nature, the enemy and the provider, is clearly expressed in these stories, which preserve a good deal of popular -- and in some cases probably pre-christian -- belief." [56]

Robert Anderson writes that syncretism "is active in Iceland where Christianity, spiritism, and Icelandic elf lore have syncretized in at least a couple instances." [57]

Terry Gunnell notes that huldufólk legends recorded in the eighteenth and nineteenth century showed them to be "near mirror-images of those humans who told stories about them--except they were beautiful, powerful, alluring, and free from care, while the Icelanders were often starving and struggling for existence. The huldufólk seem in many ways to represent the Icelander's dreams of a more perfect and happy existence." [58]

Árni Björnsson thinks that the belief in elves/hidden people has been exaggerated by the tourist industry and then reported by the mass media, giving a distorted view of Icelandic culture. [59] [60] Valdimar Hafstein feels that this claim is “rubbish.” He goes on to say: “Iceland has experienced a total revolution in terms of living standards. Most of the population now live in cities, and Icelandic identity is tied up with a way of life that is very much disappearing. In most contemporary accounts elves are not urban people but live on farms, authentic Icelanders. Antagonisms seem to come up when cities are being expanded, so there may be feelings of guilt mixed with nostalgia.” [61]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sveinsson, Einar Ólafur (2003). The Folk-Stories of Iceland (PDF). University College London: Viking Society For Northern Research. pp. 170–183. ISBN 9780903521536. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Lyall, Sarah (2005-07-13). "Building in Iceland? Better Clear It With the Elves First". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-01. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ Swatos, William H. (1997). Icelandic spiritualism : mediumship and modernity in Iceland. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. pp. 46–49. ISBN 9781560002734. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Lewis, Michael (2009-04). "Wall Street on the Tundra". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2009-03-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Parnell, Fran (2007). Iceland. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet. p. 103. ISBN 9781741045376. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Nickerson, Colin (1999-12-25). "In Iceland, spirits are in the material world; Many on island nation believe in other-worldly beings". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2009-02-26. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Turville-Petre, G. (1958-06). "Dreams in Icelandic Tradition". Folklore. 69 (2): 102–3. Retrieved 2009-03-05. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Wylie, Jonathan (1987). The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780813115788. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ Prince, J. Dyneley (1922). "The Faeroe Language". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 61 (2): 156–7. Retrieved 2009-02-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ Durrenberger, E. Paul (1987). "Review of The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History by Jonathan Wylie". American Anthropologist. 89 (4): 993. Retrieved 2009-02-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Gruber, Barbara (2007-06). "Iceland: Searching For Elves And Hidden People". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2008-09-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ Gössling, Stefan (2006). "Chapter 9: Iceland" in Extreme Tourism: Lessons from the World's Cold Water Islands By Godfrey Baldacchino. Elsevier. p. 121. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Sontag, Katrin (2007). Parallel worlds : fieldwork with elves, Icelanders and academics. University of Iceland. pp. 13–14. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ Sontag, Katrin (2007). Parallel worlds : fieldwork with elves, Icelanders and academics. University of Iceland. pp. 15–18. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ Gunnell, Terry (2007), "How Elvish Were The Álfar?", The 13th International Saga Conference, retrieved 2008-09-01 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coeditors= and |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ Ashliman, D. L. "Origin of the Hidden People: Two Legends from Iceland by Jón Arnason". D. L. Ashliman's folktexts. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  17. ^ Aðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill (1990). "Folk Narrative and Norse Mythology". Arv: Nordic yearbook of folklore. 46: 120. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Guðmundsdóttir, Aðalheiður (2006). "How Icelandic legends reflect the prohibition on dancing". Arv: Nordic yearbook of folklore. 61: 25–52. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ Sveinsson, Einar Ólafur (2003). The Folk-Stories of Iceland (PDF). University College London: Viking Society For Northern Research. p. 175. ISBN 9780903521536. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Sveinsson, Einar Ólafur (2003). The Folk-Stories of Iceland (PDF). University College London: Viking Society For Northern Research. p. 176. ISBN 9780903521536. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Wallis, David (1999-09-19). "The World: Gnome Is Where the Heart Is; What Little Elves Tell Icelanders". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-03. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ Sontag, Katrin (2007). Parallel worlds : fieldwork with elves, Icelanders and academics. University of Iceland. pp. 94–95. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^ bb.is (2007-01-04). "Álfabrenna í Bolungarvík". vikari.is. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ Brynjólfsson, Bjarni (2007-12-27). "Charming Season". Iceland Review. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ Cosser, Jeffrey (1994). "Elves and electricity: Midwinter in Iceland". Scandinavian Review. 82 (3): 62–66. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ Gunnell, Terry (2004). "The Coming of the Christmas Visitors: Folk Legends Concerning the Attacks on Icelandic Farmhouses Made by Spirits at Christmas" (PDF). Northern Studies. 38: 51–75. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ Björnsson, Árni (2007-09-26), "False Myths concerning Iceland", the Beck Lectures on Icelandic Literature, University of Victoria, retrieved 2008-09-18 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coeditors= and |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ^ Björnsson, Árni (1996). "Hvað merkir þjóðtrú?' ['What does popular belief mean?']". Skírnir. 170: 91–92. Retrieved 2009-02-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ Haraldsson, Erlendur (1975). "Results of a survey on psychic, religious and folkloric experiences and beliefs in Iceland" (DOC). Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  30. ^ Pétursson, Pétur (1996). Milli himins og jarðar : könnun meðal áhugafólks um dulspeki og óhefðbundnar lækningar. Útgefandi: Háskólaútgáfan. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9979541253. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ Hafstein, Valdimar (2000). "The Elves' Point of View: Cultural identity in contemporary Icelandic elf tradition" (PDF). Fabula. 41 (1–2): 87. Retrieved 2008-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ Hafstein, Valdimar Tr. (2006-01-27). "Do elves exist?". Vísindavefurinn. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
  33. ^ Björnsson, Sveinn Birkir (2007-10-06). "Elves in Cultural Vocabulary". The Reykjavík Grapevine Online. Retrieved 2008-09-01. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Hastrup, Kirsten (2004). "Getting it right: Knowledge and evidence in anthropology". Anthropological Theory. 4 (4): 465–466. doi:10.1177/1463499604047921. Retrieved 2008-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ Björnsson, Sveinn Birkir (2007-10-06). "Elves in Cultural Vocabulary". The Reykjavík Grapevine Online. Retrieved 2008-09-01. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Neijmann, Daisy (1997). The Icelandic Voice in Canadian Letters: The Contribution of Icelandic-Canadian Writers to Canadian Literature. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 36. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  37. ^ Byock, Jesse (2005). "A Viking-age Valley in Iceland: The Mosfell Archaeological Project" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 49 (1): 196. doi:10.1179/007660905x54080. Retrieved 2008-12-26. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Stefánsdóttir, Erla (1993). Hafnarfjörður, huliðsheimakort. Hafnarfjörður, Iceland: Ferðamálanefnd Hafnarfjörður. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  39. ^ Lyall, Sarah (2005-07-13). "Building in Iceland? Better Clear It With the Elves First". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-01. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. ^ Amason, Gulli (2001-06-24). "Travel: Land of the national elf service Far out: Hafnarfjordur, Iceland (where the hidden people live)". The Independent - London. Retrieved 2008-12-27. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  41. ^ Karlsdottir, Sigurbjörg. "Hidden world walks". Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  42. ^ Parnell, Fran (2007). Iceland. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet. p. 103. ISBN 9781741045376. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Mala, Elisa (2008). "Global Psyche: Magic Kingdom; In Iceland, the land of elves, you're never alone". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2008-12-26. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  44. ^ Lyall, Sarah (2005-07-13). "Building in Iceland? Better Clear It With the Elves First". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-01. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  45. ^ "East Iceland » Attractions » View Attraction : Álfaborg". Retrieved 2009-01-10. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  46. ^ Parnell, Fran (2007). Iceland. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet. p. 261. ISBN 9781741045376. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ McArthur, Douglas (1996-03-13). "Elfschool tries to make a believer out of everyone". The Globe and Mail (Canada). {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. ^ Kindberg, Sally (2000-11-12). "Elves are alive and well in Iceland". This Is London/Evening Standard. Retrieved 2009-02-05. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ Holm, Bill (2007). The windows of Brimnes : an American in Iceland. Minneapolis, Minn.: Milkweed Editions. pp. 63–72. ISBN 9781571313027. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  50. ^ Wilcox, Jonathan (2007). Cultures of the World: Iceland. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish. p. 88. ISBN 9780761420743. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Jónasson, Haukur Ingi (2006). In a land of a living God: The healing imagination and the Icelandic heritage. New York, NY: Union Theological Seminary. p. 296. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  52. ^ Benedikz, B. S. (1973). "Basic Themes in Icelandic Folklore". Folklore. 84 (1): 2. Retrieved 2009-01-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  53. ^ Thorvarðardóttir, Ólina (1999). "Spirits of the Land: A Tool for Social Education". Bookbird. 37 (4): 34. Retrieved 2009-02-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  54. ^ Strmiska, Michael (2000-10). "Ásatrú in Iceland: The Rebirth of Nordic Paganism?". Nova Religio. 4 (1): 126. doi:10.1525/nr.2000.4.1.106. Retrieved 2009-03-06. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  55. ^ Pálsdóttir, Anna Heida (2002). History, Landscape and National Identity: A Comparative Study of Contemporary English and Icelandic Children's Literature (PDF). University of Coventry. p. 206. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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  58. ^ Gunnell, Terry (2007). "Introduction" in Hildur, Queen of the Elves By Jane M. Bedell. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Books. p. 11. ISBN 9781566566339. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  59. ^ Björnsson, Árni (2007-09-26), "False Myths concerning Iceland", the Beck Lectures on Icelandic Literature, University of Victoria, retrieved 2008-10-20 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coeditors= and |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  61. ^ Wallis, David (1999-09-19). "The World: Gnome Is Where the Heart Is; What Little Elves Tell Icelanders". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-20. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

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