Khutor
Khutor or khutir (Russian: ху́тор, khutor; Ukrainian: ху́тiр, khutir, pl. ху́тори, khutory) is usually taken to refer to a single-homestead rural settlement (farmstead) of Eastern Europe.[1][2]
In Cossack-settled lands that encompassed today's Ukraine, Kuban, and the lower Don river basin the word khutor was used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from stanitsas. In some Cossack communities in Russia, these types of settlements were referred to as posyólok. In Russia the term výselki (literally, "those who moved away") was also used.
During the Stolypin reforms in Russia, Peter Stolypin envisaged rich peasants "privatising" their share of the community (obshchina) lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an otrub (отруб): a section of formerly obshchina land, whose owner has left the obshchina but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.[3] By 1910 the share of khutors and otrubs among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the collectivisation in the USSR.[1]
[edit] In literature
Nikolai Gogol's first major work is called Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, where 'farm' is a translation of 'khutor' (Russian: Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки, Vechera na khutore bliz Dikan'ki).
[edit] References
- ^ a b Khutor from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Russian)
- ^ Khutor from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (Russian)
- ^ Otrub from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Russian)
