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Lesiba

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A close up of the quill portion of a lesiba.
Melody produced without grunts, notes often shaded by the harmonic series[1] (D♭ is the harmonic seventh[2]) Play approximationⓘ

The lesiba (Error: {{language with name/for}}: missing language tag or language name (help), term adopted in Sotho),[3] and gora or goura (Khoisan, for a type of bird,[4] term adopted by the Xhosa and Zulu),[5] are members of a class of "unbraced mouth-resonated bow[s]"[6] with a flattened quill attached to a long string, stretched over a hard stick, acting as the main source of vibration. Holding both hands around the quill, positioned without touching just inside the lips, the player sharply inhales or exhales against it, creating vibration in the string.[7] This "produces a powerful buzzing sound,"[6] usually in short notes on a small, limited scale.

Inhalation excites the harmonics of the string, while exhalation is most often accompanied by a throaty grunt, except in players with strong breath,[1] and may be accompanied by humming.[6] Vocalizations create, from a single player, the effect of more than one part.[8] The harmonics used are primarily the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and twelfth.[2] At the other end, in some areas, is a coconut shell resonator, with a tension noose wrapped around the string to adjust the pitch (Hornbostel-Sachs number: 311.121.222). The lesiba's construction is unique: "no other class of stringed-wind instrument has been found anywhere else in the world."[4][9][failed verification]

According to Barrow in 1806, the instrument sounds "like the faint murmurs of distant music that 'comes o'er the ear' without any distinction of notes."[10] Barnard in 1910 noted the loudness of the instrument, while Alberti in 1810 compared the sounds to the "tones of the so-called Hunting-horn," presumably a reference to the shared use of the harmonic series.[10] According to Kirby in 1934, "the tone is, when well produced, very pleasant, partaking of the qualities of both string and wind, reminding one of the Aeolian harp; and it can be varied in power from a faint whisper to a strong, vibrant sound, the air column of the mouth and throat acting as a resonator."[11]

Though very few people alive today play this instrument,[9] the "harsh, bird-like sounds"[12] the instrument produces are so well recognised among the Sotho that it is used on Lesotho Radio to signal the start of the news broadcast. The lesiba is the national instrument of the Basotho,[6][12] a southern African people, now located primarily in South Africa and Lesotho, and the Khoikhoi people of South Africa.[13] The lesiba is played mostly by herdsmen and herdboys to give signals and instructions to their cattle,[4] and, almost as much, for their own entertainment.[5]

Whenever they [a herd] hear him [a herdsman] play [they easily recognize his mode of playing and distinguish him from other performers], they exhibit their appreciation of the music by clustering and huddling around him.[14]

As such, studies of the instrument may be classified as zoomusicology,[15] and passages on the instrument are metaphorically compared to various linong (Error: {{language with name/for}}: missing language tag or language name (help)).[8]

One player, Ntate Thabong Phosa, plays with Sipho Mabuse and can be heard in the song "Thaba Bosiu" on Mabuse's Township Child album.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kirby, Percival (2009). "The Gora, a Stringed-wind Instrument", The World of South African Music: A Reader, p.36. Lucia, Christine; ed. Cambridge. ISBN 1904303366.
  2. ^ a b Kirby (2009), p.38.
  3. ^ Afọlayan, Funso S. (2004). Culture and Customs of South Africa, p.265. Greenwood. ISBN 9780313320187.
  4. ^ a b c Levine, L. (2005). The Drum Cafe's Traditional Music of South Africa, p.115. Jacana Media. ISBN 9781770090460.
  5. ^ a b Afọlayan (2004), p.234.
  6. ^ a b c d Levine (2005), p.237.
  7. ^ Kirby (2009), p.33.
  8. ^ a b Coplan, David B. (1994). In the Time of Cannibals: The Word Music of South Africa's Basotho Migrants, p.203. University of Chicago. ISBN 9780226115740.
  9. ^ a b "South Africa, Part I: The Drum Café". ProjectExplorer. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  10. ^ a b Kirby (2009), p.32.
  11. ^ Kirby (2009), p.35.
  12. ^ a b "Traditional Music & Dance". DrumCafe. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  13. ^ Balfour, Henry (January–June 1902). "The Goura, a Stringed-Wind Musical Instrument of the Bushmen and Hottentots". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 32. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 32: 156–176. doi:10.2307/2842910. JSTOR 2842910.
  14. ^ A. G. Mokhali, quoted in Adams (1986), p.6. Coplan (1994), p.101.
  15. ^ Coplan (1994), p.101.
  16. ^ "Sipho Mabuse Discography". AfroMix. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
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