Leutnant
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| Rank insignia | German officer rank | ||
| Introduction | 1871 | ||
| Rank group | Commissioned officers | ||
| Army / Air Force | Leutnant | ||
| Navy | Leutnant zur See | ||
| NATO equivalent |
OF-1b | ||
| Army | Second lieutenant | ||
| Air Force | Second lieutenant | ||
| Navy | Ensign (rank) | ||
Leutnant (OF-1b) is the lowest Lieutenant officer rank in the armed forces of Germany (Bundeswehr), Austrian Armed Forces, and Military of Switzerland.
History
The German noun (with the meaning “Stellvertreter” [en: deputy], from Middle High German «locum tenens» Platzhalter [en: place holder] was derived from the France word «Lieutenant» about 1500. It is in most armies the lowest officer rank (in German-speaking navies «Leutnant zur See» (en: Leutnant to sea). In the German Bundeswehr the ranks Leutnant OF1b and Oberleutnant OF1a belong to the Leutnant´s rank group. In a number of other armed forces (e.g. the former National People's Army) there is the lowest grade Unterleutnant (OR1c).
From about 1500 until middle of the 17th century the designation «Leutnant» was commonly used for any deputy commanding officer. On army level there was the appointment General-Leutnant (en: lieutenant-general), on regiment echelon the Oberst-Leutnant (en: lieutenant-colonel), and on company level the Leutnant.
With the formation of active armies in the second half of the 17th century the term was changed to a rank designation of the lowest officer grade.
In the 18th and 19th century on unit level several Leutnants served as platoon leader. Simultaneous the ranks Premier-Lieutenant and Seconde-Lieutenant came into existence. With effect of January 1, 1899 in Germany these ranks were rename in Oberleutnant and Leutnant.[1]
Germany
Since 1899 until today the term «Leutnant» (OF1b-rank) has been used in German armed forces.
Bundeswehr
⇒ see main article Ranks of the German Bundeswehr
In the Bundeswehr today the «Leutnant» (OF1b-rank) will be normally appointed as platoon leader. However, during study on an University of the German Federal Armed Forces or another training/ education facility the «Leutnant» rank might be worn as well. The «Leutnant» of the Bundeswehr belongs to the Leutnant’s rank group (also: subaltern officer rank group).
Rank
Leutnant (short.: Lt / on lists also: L) is in Germany the designation of a soldier on the lowest officer rank. The equivalent in the German Navy (de: Deutsch Marine) is the Leutnant zur See.
| junior Rank Oberstabsfeldwebel |
 
(German officer rank) |
senior Rank Oberleutnant |
| Rank insignias «Leutnant» / «Leutnant zur See» (OF-1b) | ||||||||||
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| Uniform (basic version Jägertruppe) |
Field uniform (Jägertruppe) |
Field uniform (Reservist Logistik) |
Field uniform (SanOA (vet.)) |
Uniform (basic version) |
Field uniform |
Field uniform (Lw SanOA (dent.)) |
Shoulder board |
Shoulder board (SanOA (hum.)) |
Cuff title | Mounting loop |
Soldiers with that particular OF1b-rank, are mandated and authorized to provide military orders as to the so-called Superior-subordinate relations to private ranks (OR1 to OR4 / de: Mannschaften), NCOs without port epée (OR5b and OR5a / de: Unteroffiziere ohne port epée), as well as to Senior NCOs with port epée (OR6 to OR9 / de: Unteroffizier mit port epée).
Nationale People's Army
⇒ see main article Ranks of the National People's Army
In the GDR National People's Army (NPA) the OF1b-rank «Leutnant» was the second lowest commissioned offer (CO) rank until 1990. This was in reference to the Soviet military doctrine and in line to other armed forces of the Warsaw pact.
The equivalent rank of the Volksmarine (en: GDR Navy) was the Leutnant zur See, later simple Leutnant. However, internal the wording Leutnant zur See was used continuously. In reference to the Soviet armed forces and to other armed forces of the Warsaw pact Leutnant was the second lowest officer rank until 1990.
| Junior Rank Unterleutnant |
.svg){kind=small} National People's Army rank Leutnant (Leutnant zur See) |
Senior Rank Oberleutnant |
Nazi Germany
In Nazi Germany, within the SS and Waffen-SS, the rank of SS-Untersturmführer was considered to be the equivalent of an Leutnant (OF1b) in the German Army. However, in the SA the equivalent to Leutnant was SA-Sturmführer.[2][3]
- se also main articles
⇒ World War II German Army ranks and insignia
⇒ Table of ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS
Austria
⇒ see main article Ranks of the Austrian Bundesheer
.svg) | |||
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| Rank insignia | Austrian Bundesheer | ||
| Introduction | |||
| Rank group | Offiziere (en: Commissioned officers) | ||
| Army / Air Force | Leutnant | ||
| Navy | no equivalent | ||
| Lower: Higher: |
Fähnrich | ||
| Oberleutnant | |||
| NATO equivalent |
OF1-b | ||
In Austria the Leutnant (short: Lt) is the second lowest CO rank. Mandatory to be promoted to that OF1b-rank is a sex month course of high school studies (until August 2008 eight terms) with 180 ECTS points on the Theresian Military Academy in the Wiener Neustadt. The studies are focused on “Military Command and Control” (C2) an the academy-leaver graduate to Bachelor.
The career in the Militia is structured in a different way. Here the modular education comprises the so-called one-year volunteer year (de: Einjährig-Freiwilliger [EF][4]) as well as several courses, seminars, and exercises with a final aptitude test. After an overall service time of fife years the promotion to «Leutnant» is possible.
Moreover, the appointment designation «Leutnant» is possible for leading officials (E1) of the Austrian executive, e.g. the Austrian Federal Police (ge: Bundespolizei) and prison authority personnel (de: Justizwache).
K.u.k. Army
⇒ see main article Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces
Until 1918 Leutnant (hu: Hadnagy) was in the Common Army the lowest CO-rank as well, equivalent to Assistenz-Arzt and Leutnant-Rechnungsführer.
| Description | Rank | Insignia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Hungarian | English | class | OF | Army | Mountain infantry |
| Low grade officers | ||||||
Leutnant also:
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Hadnagy | Second lieutenant |  |
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Switzerland
⇒ see main article Military ranks of the Swiss Armed Forces
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| Rank insignia | Swiss army | ||
| Introduction | |||
| Rank group | Subalternoffiziere (en: Subaltern commissioned officers) | ||
| Army / Air Force | Leutnant | ||
| Navy | no equivalent | ||
| Lower: Higher: |
Chefadjutant | ||
| Oberleutnant | |||
| NATO equivalent |
OF-1b | ||
In the Military of Switzerland the Leutnant (Lt; lieutenant, tenente) is a commissioned officer rank (NATO-Code: OF-1b). At the contrary to the so-called Army-95 time a Leutnant / platoon leader might not be promoted to Oberleutnant automatically. However, he remains Leutnant during two reiteration courses.
In United Nations missions and in NATO Partnership for Peace the rank Leutnant will be designated in English with Second lieutenant (2Lt), NATO-Code: OF-1b.
References
- ^ BROCKHAUS, The encyclopedia in 24 volumes (1796–2001), Volume 13: 3-7653-3673-4, page 354; definition: «Leutnant».
- ^ Flaherty 2004, p. 148.
- ^ McNab 2009, p. 15.
- ^ Langenscheidt´s Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the English and German language: „Der Große Murat-Sander“, Part II German-English First Volume A–K, 9th edition 2002, p. 449
- Die Streitkräfte der Republik Österreich, 1918-1968, Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Militärwissenschaftliches Institut, 1968.