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Madman theory

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The madman theory was an important part of Richard Nixon's foreign policy.

The madman theory is a political theory commonly associated with U.S. President Richard Nixon's foreign policy. He and his administration tried to make the leaders of hostile Communist Bloc nations think Nixon was irrational and volatile. According to the theory, those leaders would then avoid provoking the United States, fearing an unpredictable American response.

International Relations scholars have been skeptical of madman theory as a strategy for success in bargaining.[1][2] One study found that madman theory is frequently counterproductive, but that it can be an asset under certain conditions.[3]

History

In 1517, Niccolò Machiavelli had argued that sometimes it is "a very wise thing to simulate madness" (Discourses on Livy, book 3, chapter 2). Although in Nixon's Vietnam War, Kimball argues that Nixon arrived at the strategy independently, as a result of practical experience and observation of Dwight D. Eisenhower's handling of the Korean War.[4][5]

In his 1962 book, Thinking About the Unthinkable, futurist Herman Kahn argued that to "look a little crazy" might be an effective way to induce an adversary to stand down.[6]

Nixon

Nixon's Chief of Staff, H. R. Haldeman, wrote that Nixon had confided to him:

I call it the Madman Theory, Bob. I want the North Vietnamese to believe I've reached the point where I might do anything to stop the war. We'll just slip the word to them that, "for God's sake, you know Nixon is obsessed about communism. We can't restrain him when he's angry—and he has his hand on the nuclear button" and Ho Chi Minh himself will be in Paris in two days begging for peace.[7]

In October 1969, the Nixon administration indicated to the Soviet Union that "the madman was loose" when the United States military was ordered to full global war readiness alert (unbeknownst to the majority of the American population), and bombers armed with thermonuclear weapons flew patterns near the Soviet border for three consecutive days.[8]

The administration employed the "madman strategy" to force the North Vietnamese government to negotiate an end to the Vietnam War.[9] In July 1969 (according to a CIA report declassified in February 2018), President Nixon may have suggested to South Vietnamese President Thieu that the two paths he was considering were either a nuclear weapons option or setting up a coalition government.[10]

Along the same lines, several American diplomats, staff members, friends, and family, knew about Nixon's conditions, knowing Nixon was also known to indulge in alcohol and had trouble battling insomnia, for which he was prescribed sleeping pills. According to Ray Price, he sometimes took them together. This affected him and his surroundings on several occasions; from John Ehrlichman calling him "looped", to Manolo Sanchez, a Republican operative and special counsel to the President, thinking Nixon had a stroke or heart attack while on the phone with him, to not being able to pick up a telephone call from the British Prime Minister during the Mideast crisis. Both Nixon's daughter Julie Nixon Eisenhower and friend Billy Graham acknowledged this fact, after his presidency. Nixon also took dilantin, recommended by Jack Dreyfus. That medicine is usually prescribed for anti-seizure attacks, but in Nixon's case it was to battle depression.[11] Also, Henry Kissinger portrayed the 1970 incursion into Cambodia as a symptom of Nixon's supposed instability.[12]

Trump

Some have characterized U.S. President Donald Trump's behavior towards allies and hostile states as an example of madman theory.[5][13][1] Jonathan Stevenson argues Trump's strategy may be even less effective than Nixon's because Nixon tried to give the impression that "he'd been pushed too far, implying that he would return to his senses if the Soviets and North Vietnamese gave in." Whereas the North Korean government is unlikely to believe that "Trump would do the same" because his threats are "standard operating procedure", not a temporary emotional reaction.[6] International Relations scholar Roseanne W. McManus argued that Trump's statements that he was relying on madman theory made the approach counterproductive, as he was undermining the belief that his "madness" was genuine.[3]

Research

Political scientist Scott Sagan and the historian Jeremi Suri criticized the theory as "ineffective and dangerous", citing the belief that the Soviet leader Brezhnev did not understand what Nixon was trying to communicate, and considering the chance of an accident from the increased movements of U.S. forces.[14] President Trump's alleged use of the theory with North Korea has been similarly criticized, suggesting the chance of an accident arising from North Korea's string of missile testing was also increased.[14][6] Stephen Walt has argued that not many successful cases of madman theory can be found in the historical record.[2] Roseanne W. McManus has argued that some forms of "madness" can be an asset in bargaining, whereas other forms are counterproductive.[3]

According to political scientists Samuel Seitz and Caitlin Talmadge, "The historical record, both before Trump’s presidency and during it, demonstrates that madman tactics typically fail to strengthen deterrence or generate bargaining leverage." They cite three main reasons: (i) target states fail to receive the message that the "madman" thinks he is sending, (ii) target states do not see the "madman" behavior as credible, and (iii) target states do not give into the "madman" even when they believe the madman rhetoric, because the madman is perceived as being unable to make credible assurances of future behavior.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Seitz, Samuel; Talmadge, Caitlin (2020-07-02). "The Predictable Hazards of Unpredictability: Why Madman Behavior Doesn't Work". The Washington Quarterly. 43 (3): 31–46. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2020.1810424. ISSN 0163-660X.
  2. ^ a b Walt, Stephen M. "Things Don't End Well for Madmen". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
  3. ^ a b c McManus, Roseanne W. (2019-10-20). "Revisiting the Madman Theory: Evaluating the Impact of Different Forms of Perceived Madness in Coercive Bargaining". Security Studies. 28 (5): 976–1009. doi:10.1080/09636412.2019.1662482. ISSN 0963-6412.
  4. ^ David A. Welch (2005). Painful Choices. Princeton University Press. p. 154. ISBN 9780691123400.
  5. ^ a b "Rex Tillerson's agonies". The Economist. 5 October 2017.
  6. ^ a b c STEVENSON, JONATHAN (26 October 2017). "The Madness Behind Trump's 'Madman' Strategy". New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  7. ^ Haldeman, H. R. (1978). The Ends of Power. Times Books. p. 122.
  8. ^ Carroll, James (2005-06-14). "Nixon's madman strategy". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  9. ^ Robert D. Schulzinger (2002). U.S. Diplomacy Since 1900. Oxford University Press US. p. 303. ISBN 9780195142211.
  10. ^ Jeffrey Kimball and William Burr, ed. (February 20, 2018). "Nixon, Thieu, and the Bomb: CIA Report Sheds Light on Richard Nixon's Madman Diplomacy". National Security Archive.
  11. ^ Farrell, John a. "The Year Nixon Fell Apart". POLITICO Magazine.
  12. ^ Michael S. Sherry. In the Shadow of War. Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-300-07263-5. Page 312.
  13. ^ Naftali, Tim (4 October 2017). "The Problem With Trump's Madman Theory". The Atlantic. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  14. ^ a b Coll, Steve (24 September 2017). "The Madman Theory of North Korea". The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 October 2017.

Bibliography

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