Milliarium Aureum
Template:Ancient monuments in Rome
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The Miliarium Aureum (Latin pronunciation: [miːllɪˈaːrɪʊm ˈawrɛʊm], golden milestone) was a monument, probably of gilded bronze, erected by the Emperor Caesar Augustus near the temple of Saturn in the central Forum of Ancient Rome. All roads were considered to begin from this monument and all distances in the Roman Empire were measured relative to that point.[1] On it were perhaps listed all the major cities in the empire and distances to them.[2] According to Schaaf,[3] the phrase "all roads lead to Rome"[4] is a reference to the Milliarium Aureum, as the specific point to which all roads were said to lead. Today, the base of the milestone might still exist in the Roman Forum.
History
Inauguration
Augustus, as curator viarum, erected this monument in 20 BC.[5] Probably the monument received its name of Miliarium Aureum quite immediately after its inauguration. It symbolized the starting point of the Roman road system to Italy and to all the imperial possessions.
Architecture and Style
Plan Missing in the Forma Urbis
The plan of this monument is missing in the Imperial Forma Urbis as we have it now. The remaining fragments for this area of the Roman Forum are all in the so-called slab V-11, Stanford University #19 (Temple of Saturn with the frontal section and staircase, but the Rostra section is missing, Temple of Concordia, Temple of the Deified Vespasian).
Location, General Style and Structure
Information from ancient authors are very scarce, so there are many problems of interpretation about this monument.
Location
It is sure that it was hard by [or under] the Temple of Saturn at the head of the Roman Forum, but its exact location is still uncertain and unknown. Due to the new archaeological data from the excavations by Kähler in 1959 which seem to confirm the data from the excavations by Bunsen in 1833, now many scholars think that it was located at the southeast corner of the podium of the Rostra Augusti on a symmetrical axis with the Umbilicus Urbis Romae.[6][7]
General Style and Structure
The Miliarium Aureum seems to have been a marble column sheathed in gilded bronze: according to C. Hülsen, in 1835 a huge marble cylinder was found near the Temple of Saturn and it still had bronze hooks. The whole monument probably had the form of a Roman milestone. Other scholars think that the Miliarium Aureum was made entirely of gilded bronze.[7] According to other scholars, the monument only had gilded bronze letters.[8]
Measurements
Height: 145 in or 345 cm .
Diameter: 1.15 m (the column only); 3 m (the base [?], i.e. the carved Marble fragments labelled as Miliarium Aureum in the Roman Forum).
The problem of the Inscription
The ancient sources never directly say what was inscribed on the Miliarium Aureum, so every idea one may have about this problem must be considered a modern inference based on the typical and usual form, structure and function of Roman milestones.
These are the main hypotheses about the inscription:
- Nothing, except for the name and title of the Emperor;
- The names of the most important cities of Italy and of the Empire in 20 BC with the distances of these from Rome:[9] according to a vague sentence by Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, 3.66), the distances in Roman miles were measured (thus with a difference of ca. 1 mile) starting from the City gates and not from the location of the Milliarium: Via Appia from Porta Capena (to Brundisium, Greece and the Oriental Provinces), Via Salaria and Via Nomentana from Porta Collina and Via Flaminia (to Northern Italy, Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and Illyricum), Via Aurelia (to the Galliae and Hispaniae), Via Ostiensis (to Ostia and to the main harbour to Corsica and Sardinia, Sicilia and Africa);
- The names of the roads out of Rome and the men of praetorian rank Augustus had made Curatores Viarum to see to the upkeep of them,[10] based on Dio Cassius' account of the erection of the Monument.
The problem of the Marble fragments labelled Milliarium Aureum
The ca. 3 m diameter Marble fragments labelled Milliarium Aureum with an anthemion frieze decoration have been considered part of the base of the monument for a long time. However there's no direct evidence for this to be true, considering as well that the diameter of this base seems to be too large for a Milliarium. Scholars[7] now prefer to consider the fragments a section of the upper part of the Umbilicus Urbis Romae which had a 5.1 m diameter basis and 3 m diameter upper elements.
According to Richardson, the ruins labelled 'Milliarium Aureum' can be considered pertinent only if the column of the monument was of a colossal scale, of almost 3 m diameter and not 1.15 m:
Still less credible is that the carved stone members labelled Milliarium Aureum at the northwest end of the Forum Romanum today actually belonged to the base of that monument. The frieze decorated with an anthemion belongs relatively high on a building, and both elements are of a diameter equal to that of the Umbilicus Romae, too large for a milestone, unless it were of colossal scale.[11]
This way, the fragments of the so-called Milliarium Aureum are now believed by some to be identical with the Umbilicus Urbis Romae (or Navel of the city of Rome), a structure in the same area of the Forum which served a similar but not identical purpose.
See also
- Kilometre Zero
- Milion, an equivalent monument in Ancient Constantinople
References
- ^ Cassius Dio 54.8.4; Plutarch, Galba 24.4; Pliny, Naturalis Historia 3.66; Tacitus, Historiae 1.27; Suetonius, Otho 6.2.
- ^ No direct ancient evidence seems to support this interpretation: Z. Mari, 'Miliarium Aureum', in E. M. Steinby (ed.) Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae (1996) vol. 3, pp. 250-251 (Italian). ISBN 88-7140-096-8; 'Miliarium Aureum,' in L. Haselberger (ed.) Mapping Augustan Rome p. 167.
- ^ Schaaf, P. (1867/1886). Ante-nicene fathers: The Apostolic fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus [Roberts, A. & Donaldson, J, Eds]. [Electronic reprint] Grand Rapids, MI, USA: CCEL. 1886, v.1 p. 1
- ^ This phrase is the modern wording of what appears to be a phrase of medieval origin; see the Wiktionary entry for details.
- ^ Cassius Dio, Historiae Romanae, 54.8.4
- ^ H. Kähler, Das Funfsäulendenkmal für die Tetrarchen auf dem Forum Romanum [Cologne 1964], 23, 58-59
- ^ a b c B. Frischer, D. Favro and D. Abernathy, University of California Los Angeles, 2005
- ^ R.A. Staccioli, La Roma di Augusto, Novara 1985
- ^ C. Hülsen, Bretschneider and Regenberg, 1904
- ^ L. Richardson, 1992
- ^ L. Richardson, jr., 'Milliarium Aureum', A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1992) p. 254.ISBN 0-8018-4300-6
- Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press (1929), p. 342 [1].
External links
- UCLA Digital Roman Forum page for the "Miliarium Aureum" Archaeological discussion and 3D reconstruction
- Stanford University Forma Urbis Romae: slabs of the Forum Area with the "Miliarium Aureum" (the "Miliarium Aureum" is a missing part near the letters "...ordia")
- The book Article by C. Hülsen about the "Miliarium Aureum" at Lacus Curtius
