Multi-track diplomacy

The term multi track diplomacy evolved over a 10 year period. Mr. Joseph Montville, US foreign service officer coined the phrase “Track Two Diplomacy” in an article he wrote for “Foreign Policy” magazine in (Winter 1981-1982). Track one, as he described it, was government to government interaction in the field of foreign affairs. Track two dealt with all actions by non-state actors in the field of foreign affairs.

US Ambassador John W. McDonald, a colleague of Joseph Montville, wrote the first book on citizen diplomacy entitled Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy published by The Department of State May 1987 (Library of Congress Number 86-600-538)

In 1989 McDonald expanded the two tracks to five tracks which included business, people to people interaction and the media. This article was published as a chapter in Timing and De-escalation of International Conflict by Louis Kriesberg and Stuart J Thorson (Syracuse University Press, 1991) and as Occasional Paper 3 Further Exploration of Track Two Diplomacy by The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy in November 1999.

In 1991 the United State Institute of Peace awarded a $25,000 grant for further research on the topic. Louise Diamond and John W. McDonald extended the five tracks to nine tracks and renamed the discipline multi-track diplomacy. The book Multi-Track Diplomacy, A Systems Approach to Peace was first published by the Iowa Peace Institute in 1991 and by The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy in 1992. In 1996 a third edition was published by Kumarian Press, Inc. (ISBN 1-56549-057-6)

On May 26, 1992 the articles of incorporation were filed in Washington D.C. for The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy by cofounders; John W. McDonald, Ambassador (ret.) and Louise Diamond Ph.D. The Institute received its 501(c)(3) status by the IRS as a non-profit organization later in the year. John W. McDonald, Chairman and CEO of the Institute stated that this book was the basis for their operations and the core for their logo design.

Nine Tracks of Diplomacy in logo

The nine tracks of diplomacy as mentioned on "Multi-Track Diplomacy, A Systems Approach to Peace" are:

• Track 1 – Government
• Track 2 – Nongovernment/Professional
• Track 3 – Business, or Peacemaking through Commerce.
• Track 4 – Private Citizen, or Peacemaking through Personal Involvement.
• Track 5 – Research, Training, and Education
• Track 6 – Activism, or Peacemaking through Advocacy
• Track 7 – Religion, or Peacemaking through Faith in action.
• Track 8 – Funding, or Peacemaking through Providing Resources.
• Track 9- Communications and the Media, or Peacemaking through Information

Twelve principles of multi-track diplomacy

The Multi-Track concept is meant to convey the idea that all sectors of society are important and need to be involved, supported, listened to, and trained in a shared language of dialogue, conflict resolution, and peacebuilding in order to prevent or end violent conflict.

The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy developed the following operating principles:

1. Relationship—Building strong interpersonal and intergroup relations throughout the fabric of society.
2. Long-term commitment—Making an ongoing commitment to people and to processes that may take years to come to fruition.
3. Cultural synergy—Respecting the cultural wisdom of all the parties and welcoming the creative interaction of different cultural ways.
4. Partnership—Modeling collaborative process by partnering with local parties and with other institutions and coalitions.
5. Multiple technologies—Utilizing a variety of technologies, as appropriate, and creating new methods, as needed, to meet the unique needs of each situation.
6. Facilitation—Assisting parties in taking responsibility for their own dreams and destiny.
7. Empowerment—Helping people become empowered agents of change and transformation within their societies.
8. Action research—Learning from all that we do and sharing that learning with others.
9. Invitation—Entering the system where there is an invitation and an open door.
10. Trust—Building relationships of mutual trust and caring within the system.
11. Engagement—Acknowledging that once we enter a system we become a unique part of it -- an engaged, caring, and accountable partner.
12. Transformation—Catalyzing changes at the deepest level of beliefs, assumptions, and values, as well as behaviors and structures.

Multi-Track Diplomacy is essentially a step in the same direction as the evolution of Deep Democracy. While Multi-Track Diplomacy focuses on functional social roles in each of its tracks, Deep Democracy uses concepts and methodologies from Process Oriented Psychology to further extends the discrete tracks to a broad range of roles, psychological figures, and experiences and explores the tensions and chaos that exist between them.

Expanded history of multi-track diplomacy

In 1981, Joseph Montville, then a U.S. State Department employee, coined the phrases Track One and Track Two diplomacy in "Foreign Policy According to Freud," which appeared in Foreign Policy (Montville & Davidson, 1981). Track One diplomacy was what diplomats did—formal negotiations between nations conducted by professional diplomats. Track Two diplomacy referred to conflict resolution efforts by professional non-governmental conflict resolution practitioners and theorists. "Track Two has as its object the reduction or resolution of conflict, within a country or between countries, by lowering the anger or tension or fear that exists, through improved communication and a better understanding of each other’s point of view" (McDonald & Bendahmane, 1987, p. 1).

The efforts of these conflict resolution professionals, generally operating through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and universities, arose from the realization by diplomats and others that formal official government-to-government interactions were not necessarily the most effective methods for securing international cooperation or resolving differences.

Track two diplomacy is unofficial, non-structured interaction. It is always open minded, often altruistic, and . . . strategically optimistic, based on best case analysis. Its underlying assumption is that actual or potential conflict can be resolved or eased by appealing to common human capabilities to respond to good will and reasonableness. Scientific and cultural exchanges are examples of track two diplomacy. The problem most political liberals fail to recognize is that reasonable and altruistic interaction with foreign countries cannot be an alternative to traditional track one diplomacy, with its official posturing and its underlying threat of the use of force. Both tracks are necessary for psychological reasons and both need each other. (Montville & Davidson, 1981, p. 155)

Montville (Montville & Davidson, 1981) maintains that there are two basic processes in track two diplomacy. The first consists of facilitated workshops that bring members of conflicting groups together to develop personal relationships, understand the conflict from the perspective of others, and develop joint strategies for solving the conflict. The second process involves working to shift public opinion: “Here the task is a psychological one which consists of reducing the sense of victimhood of the parties and rehumanizing the image of the adversary” (McDonald & Bendahmane, 1987, p. 10).

Methods for conducting these activities are still evolving as is the thinking around which individuals—representing various roles and functions in society and government—should be included. Montville points out that “there is no evidence that conflict resolution workshops would work for the principal political leaders themselves—perhaps because they are too tough or even impervious to the humanizing process” (McDonald & Bendahmane, 1987, p. 14). Ambassador McDonald (Sep 2003 - Aug 2004) seconds this assumption but feels that it is merely because the leaders are stuck in rigid roles and politically have less access to fluidity than individuals further removed from the top echelon of government(McDonald, Sep 2003 - Aug 2004).

In 1986 Ambassador John McDonald and Diane Bendahmane (1987) produced Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy, a book that compiled the thoughts of several Track One and Track Two professionals confirming the need for government to support, encourage, and work with Track Two. The Department of State refused to print the book for eighteen months because the Department has a strong defensiveness regarding its right, ability, and authority to conduct conflict resolution. The book was finally published in 1987 and states that

. . . the official government apparatus for analyzing international security issues and designing foreign policy has to equip itself to support and benefit from track two diplomacy. As part of the process, government analysts must improve their capabilities to understand how history, society, culture, and psychology interact. (Montville & Davidson, 1981, p. 156-7)

At a special briefing for representatives of non-governmental organizations, the U.S. Department of State’s Deputy Director for Political Affairs in the Office of Iraq presented a plea for help from NGOs (Paul Sutphin, 2004). Acting under Secretary Colin Powell’s initiative and authority, the State Department’s Iraqi analysts explained their frustrations in conducting dialogue, developing grassroots relationships, and rebuilding infrastructure. Far from admitting that the State Department was limited in its right, ability, and authority to conduct conflict resolution, they admitted that they couldn’t build relationships or spend money fast enough to rebuild Iraq in time to appease the Iraqis and needed help to do it. This may not be the ideal situation in terms of NGO and State Department cooperation.

“Further Exploration of Track Two Diplomacy” was published in 1991 as an Occasional Paper (McDonald), and as a chapter in Timing the De-Escalation of International Conflicts (Kriesberg & Thorson, 1991). In 1996 Dr. Louise Diamond and Ambassador McDonald published Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace. Since then the model has been more robustly developed and the original second track has been expanded into nine tracks as illustrated in the logo.

External links

• Multi-Track Diplomacy Study Group Consensus: Hamas and Kadima, (University of Maryland, January 2007)

References

• Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy. (2004). Principles of Multi-Track Diplomacy. Retrieved 7 Dec 2003 from www.imtd.org
• Kriesberg, L., & Thorson, S. J. (1991). Timing the De-Escalation of International Conflicts (1st ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
• McDonald, J. W. (1991). Further Exploration of Track Two Diplomacy. In Kriesberg & Thorson (Eds.), Timing the De-escalation of International Conflicts. Syracuse: Syracuse Press.
• McDonald, J. W. (Sep 2003 - Aug 2004). Private conversations. Arlington, VA.
• McDonald, J. W., & Bendahmane, D. R. (1987). Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
• McDonald, J. W. (1996). Multi-Track Diplomacy, A Systems Approach to Peace. Sterling, VA. Kumarian Press.
• Montville, J. V., & Davidson, W. D. (1981). Foreign Policy According to Freud. Foreign Policy, Winter 1981-82, 145-157.
• Stone, Diane. (2004) ‘Private Authority, Scholarly Legitimacy and Political Credibility: Think Tanks and Informal Diplomacy’, in Timothy J. Sinclair (ed.) Global Governance: Critical Concepts in Political Science. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27661-6
• Paul Sutphin. (2004). Deputy Director for Political Affairs, Office of Iraq, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs briefing on: The Transition of Power in Iraq. 29 Jul 2004. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State,.