Mutilation
Mutilation or maiming (from the Latin: mutilus) refers to severe damage to the body that has a ruinous effect on an individual's quality of life.[1] It can also refer to alterations that render something inferior, ugly, dysfunctional, or imperfect.[2][3] In modern times, the term has an overwhelmingly negative connotation.[1][4]
Terminology
In 2019, Michael H. Stone, Gary Brucato, and Ann Burgess proposed formal criteria by which "mutilation" might be systematically distinguished from the act of "dismemberment," as these terms are commonly used interchangeably. They suggested that dismemberment involves "the entire removal, by any means, of a large section of the body of a living or dead person, specifically, the head (also termed decapitation), arms, hands, torso, pelvic area, legs, or feet." Mutilation, by contrast, involves "the removal or irreparable disfigurement, by any means, of some smaller portion of one of those larger sections of a living or dead person. The latter would include castration (removal of the testicles), evisceration (removal of the internal organs), and flaying (removal of the skin)." According to these parameters, removing a whole hand would constitute dismemberment, while removing or damaging a finger would be mutilation; decapitation of a full head would be dismemberment, while removing or damaging a part of the face would be mutilation; and removing a whole torso would be dismemberment, while removing or damaging a breast or the organs contained within the torso would be mutilation.[5]
Usage
Some ethnic groups practice ritual mutilation, e.g. scarification, burning, flagellation, tattooing, or wheeling, as part of a rite of passage. In some cases, the term may apply to treatment of dead bodies, such as soldiers mutilated after they have been killed by an enemy. Castration is also a form of mutilation.
The traditional Chinese practices of língchí and foot binding are forms of mutilation. One form of mutilation that has captured the imagination of Westerners is the "long-neck" people, a sub-group of the Karen known as the Padaung where women wear brass rings around their neck.[6] The act of tattooing is also considered a form of self-mutilation according to some cultural traditions, such as within Christianity. A joint statement released by the United Nations and numerous other international bodies opposes female genital mutilation/cutting as a form of mutilation.[7] Historically, tattoos, circumcision, and body piercings have also been considered mutilation by some cultures, although use of the term "mutilation" for these things is significantly less accepted than FGM and is often considered erroneous and offensive.[8][9][10]
Sex-reassignment surgery has been called "mutilation" by critics; use of the term to describe sex reassignment surgery is often considered heavily provocative and insulting by those who are transgender.[11]
Punishment
Maiming, or mutilation which involves the loss of, or incapacity to use, a bodily member, is and has been practiced by many societies with various cultural and religious significance, and is also a customary form of physical punishment, especially applied on the principle of an eye for an eye.
The Araucanian warrior Galvarino suffered this punishment as a prisoner during the Spanish conquest of Chile.
Maiming has often been a criminal offense; the old law term for a special case of maiming of persons was mayhem, an Anglo-French variant form of the word.
Maiming of animals by others than their owners is a particular form of the offense generally grouped as malicious damage. For the purpose of the law as to this offense animals are divided into cattle, which includes pigs and equids, and other animals which are either subjects of larceny at common law or are usually kept in confinement or for domestic purposes.
In Britain under the Malicious Damage Act 1861 the punishment for maiming of cattle was three to fourteen years' penal servitude; malicious injury to other animals was a misdemeanor punishable on summary conviction. For a second offense the penalty was imprisonment with hard labor for over twelve months. Today maiming of animals falls under the Cruelty to Animals Acts, while maiming by others is additionally treated as criminal damage.
Mutilation as human punishment
In times when even judicial physical punishment was still commonly allowed to cause not only intense pain and public humiliation during the administration but also to inflict permanent physical damage, or even deliberately intended to mark the criminal for life by docking or branding, one of the common anatomical target areas not normally under permanent cover of clothing (so particularly merciless in the long term) were the ear(s).
In England, for example, various pamphleteers attacking the religious views of the Anglican episcopacy under William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had their ears cut off for those writings: in 1630 Alexander Leighton and in 1637 still other Puritans, John Bastwick, Henry Burton, and William Prynne.
In Scotland one of the Covenanters, James Gavin of Douglas, Lanarkshire, had his ears cut off for refusing to renounce his religious faith. In Japan, Gonsalo Garcia and his companions were similarly punished.
Notably in various jurisdictions of the Thirteen Colonies, even relatively minor crimes, such as hog stealing, were punishable by having one's ears nailed to the pillory and slit loose, or even cropped, a counterfeiter would be branded on top (for that crime, considered lèse-majesté, the older mirror punishment was boiling in oil), which was an example of western mutilation.[12]
Independence did not render American justice any less brutal. For example, in the future state of Tennessee, an example of harsh 'frontier law' under the 1780 Cumberland Compact took place in 1793 when Judge John McNairy sentenced Nashville's first horse thief, John McKain Jr., to be fastened to a wooden stock one hour for 39 lashes, have his ears cut off and cheeks branded with the letters "H" and "T".
Tongue cutting is also a form of mutilation as this leads to bleeding to death in most cases with choking in the lungs.[13]
Nebahne Yohannes, an unsuccessful claimant to the Ethiopian imperial throne who had his ears and nose cut off, yet was then freed. This form of mutilation against unsuccessful claimants to thrones has been in use in middle-eastern regions for thousands of years. To qualify as a king, formerly, one had to exemplify perfection. Obvious physical deformities such as missing noses, ears, or lips, are thereby sufficient disqualifications. The victim in these cases is typically freed alive to act (a) as an example to others, and (b) as no longer a threat.
See also
- Blinding (punishment)
- Cattle mutilation
- Decapitation
- Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals
- Dismemberment
References
- ^ a b Pitts, Victoria (2003). In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25. ISBN 9781403979438.
- ^ Staff (October 7, 2022). "Definition of Mutilate". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
- ^ Staff (November 14, 2022). "Mutilation: Definition". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
- ^ Inckle, Kay (2007). Writing on the Body? Thinking Through Gendered Embodiment and Marked Flesh. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. Preface: X, 20. ISBN 9781443808729.
- ^ Michael H. Stone & Gary Brucato. The New Evil: Understanding the Emergence of Modern Violent Crime (Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2019), pp. 83-84.
- ^ "Karen Long Neck hilltribe - Padaung, Northern Thailand". Chiangdao.com. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ Eliminating Female genital mutilation - An interagency statement (PDF). World Health Organization. 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-159644-2.
- ^ O'Brien, Mary (2021). Spirituality in Nursing: Standing on Holy Ground. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 179. ISBN 9781284225044.
- ^ de Wet, Chris (2015). Preaching Bondage: John Chrysostom and the Discourse of Slavery in Early Christianity. University of California Press. pp. 262–269. ISBN 9780520286214.
- ^ Nussbaum, Martha (1999). Sex and Social Justice. Oxford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780195355017.
- ^ Pitts-Taylor, Victoria (2008). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body: Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9780313341458.
- ^ Garraty, John A. (2003) Historical Viewpoints. New York City, New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
- ^ "A History of Punishments". Localhistories.org. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
