Nine-rank system
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The nine rank system (Chinese: 九品中正制; pinyin: jiǔ pǐn zhōng zhèng zhī or Chinese: 九品官人法; pinyin: jiǔ pǐn guān rén fǎ), or much less commonly nine grade controller system, was a civil service nomination system during the Three Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. Chen Qun, a court official of the Kingdom of Wei standardized its details.
Theoretically, local government authorities were given the task of selecting talented candidates, then categorizing them into nine grades depending on their abilities. In practice, however, only the rich and powerful would be selected.
The nine-rank system was eventually superseded by the Imperial examination system for the civil service in the Sui Dynasty.
A similar system was also used in Korea. In Japan the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System was adopted in 603 during the reign of Empress Suiko.
Ranking of officials
During the Tang Dynasty, the nine-rank system developed into a method of classification for civil officials and military officers serving the court, from local levels to national levels. Those directly under the Emperor heading the top departments were considered First Pin (Grade), and those who are county judicial officers, for example, were generally Ninth Pin. Some of the nine grades were further divided into zhèng (正; regular), cóng (從; deputy), shàng (上; upper) and xià (下; lower) grades. Therefore in theory, the whole classification system actually holds more than eighteen ranks. In reality the subdivisions were customized in specific central and local departments; for instance, one department consisted of twelve ranks whereas another composed of sixteen.
The current Chinese cadre ranking system is loosely based on this historical system.
See also
- Mandarin square, for official ranks in later dynasties
- Twelve Level Cap and Rank System
- Number nine in Chinese culture