Primary aldosteronism
| Primary aldosteronism | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Endocrinology  |
Primary aldosteronism, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is characterized by the overproduction of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands.,[1] when not a result of excessive renin secretion. Aldosterone causes increase in sodium and water retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys, leading to arterial hypertension (high blood pressure). An increase in the production of mineralocorticoid from the adrenal gland is evident. It is amongst the most common causes of secondary hypertension,[2] renal disease being the most common.
Primary hyperaldosteronism has many causes, including adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal carcinoma.[3] When it occurs due to a solitary aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma (a type of benign tumor), it is known as Conn's syndrome.[4] In practice, however, the terms are often used interchangeably, regardless of the underlying physiology.
Causes
The syndrome is due to:
Most commonly Adrenal Adenoma (Conn's Syndrome) (66%), Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (30%) Primary (unilateral) adrenal hyperplasia—2% of cases Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma—<1% of cases Familial Hyperaldosteronism (FH) Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (FH type I)—<1% of cases FH type II (APA or IHA)—<2% of cases Ectopic aldosterone-producing adenoma or carcinoma—< 0.1% of cases
Signs, symptoms and findings
Aldosterone enhances exchange of sodium for potassium in the kidney so increased aldosteronism will lead to hypernatremia and hypokalemia. Once the potassium has been significantly reduced by aldosterone, a sodium/hydrogen pump in the nephron becomes more active leading to increased excretion of hydrogen ions and further exacerbating the hypernatremia. The hydrogen ions that are exchanged for sodium are generated by carbonic anhydrase in the renal tubule epithelium causing increased production of bicarbonate. The increased bicarbonate and the excreted hydrogen combine to generate a metabolic alkalosis. The high pH of the blood makes calcium less available to the tissues and causes symptoms of hypocalcemia (low calcium levels).
The sodium retention leads to plasma volume expansion and elevated blood pressure. The increased blood pressure will lead to increased glomerular filtration rate and cause a decrease in renin release from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney. If there is a primary hyperaldosteronism the decreased renin (and subsequent decreased angiotensin II) will not lead to a decrease in aldosterone levels (a very helpful clinical tool in diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism).
Aside from high blood pressure manifestations of muscle cramps (due to hyperexcitability of neurons secondary to hypocalcemia), muscle weakness (due to hypoexcitability of skeletal muscles secondary to hypokalemia), and headaches (due to hypokalemia or high blood pressure) may be seen.
Secondary hyperaldosteronism is often related to decreased cardiac output which is associated with elevated renin levels.
Diagnosis
Measuring aldosterone alone is not considered adequate to diagnose primary hyperaldosteronism. Rather, both renin and aldosterone are measured, and a resultant aldosterone-to-renin ratio is used for diagnosis.[6][7] A high aldosterone-to-renin ratio indicates presence of primary hyperaldosteronism.
If plasma levels of renin and aldosterone suggest hyperaldosteronism, CT scanning can confirm the presence of an adrenal adenoma. If the clinical presentation primarily involves hypertension and elevated levels of catecholamines, CT or MRI scanning can confirm a tumor on the adrenal medulla, typically an aldosteronoma.
Hyperaldosteronism can be mimicked by Liddle syndrome, and by ingestion of licorice and other foods containing glycyrrhizin. In one case report, hypertension and quadriparesis resulted from intoxication with a non-alcoholic pastis (an anise-flavored aperitif containing glycyrrhizinic acid).[8]
Therapy
The treatment for hyperaldosteronism depends on the underlying cause. In patients with a single benign tumor (adenoma), surgical removal (adrenalectomy) may be curative. This is usually performed laparoscopically, through several very small incisions. For patients with hyperplasia of both glands, successful treatment is often achieved with spironolactone or eplerenone, drugs that block the effect of aldosterone. With its antiandrogen effect, spironolactone drug therapy may have a range of effects in males, including sometimes gynecomastia. These symptoms usually do not occur with eplerenone drug therapy.[9]
In the absence of proper treatment, individuals with hyperaldosteronism often suffer from poorly controlled high blood pressure, which may be associated with increased rates of stroke, heart disease, and kidney failure. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis is excellent.[10]
Eponym
Conn's syndrome is named after Jerome W. Conn (1907–1994), the American endocrinologist who first described the condition at the University of Michigan in 1955.[1]
References
- ^ a b Conn JW, Louis LH (1955). "Primary aldosteronism: a new clinical entity". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 68: 215–31, discussion, 231–3. PMID 13299331.
- ^ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117280-overview
- ^ http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec13/ch164/ch164e.html
- ^ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1210. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Williams textbook of endocrinology (11th ed. ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4160-2911-3.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help);|first=missing|last=(help) - ^ Tiu S, Choi C, Shek C, Ng Y, Chan F, Ng C, Kong A (2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 90 (1): 72–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust, the major teaching trust in South West England
- ^ Trono D, Cereda JM, Favre L (1983). "[Pseudo-Conn's syndrome due to intoxication with nonalcoholic pastis]". Schweiz Med Wochenschr (in French). 113 (31–32): 1092–5. PMID 6623028.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=599
- ^ Columbia Adrenal Center, Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)
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