QS Regular Matrix
Quadraphonic Sound (originally called Quadphonic Synthesizer, and later referred to as RM or Regular Matrix) was a matrix 4-channel quadraphonic sound system for phonograph records. The system was based on technology created by Peter Scheiber, but further developed by engineer Ryosuke Ito[1] of Sansui in the early 1970s.
The technology was freely licensed and was adopted by many record labels including ABC, Advent, BluesWay, Candide, Command, Decca, Impulse, Longines, MCA, Passport, Pye, Turnabout and Vox. Hundreds of recordings using this format were released on vinyl LP records during the 1970s.[2][3]
RM (Regular Matrix) was often used a synonym for QS, but was actually a standard set by the Japanese governing body, which also embraced the QM (Quadraphonic Matrix,[4][5] consisting of Stereo-4 and Dynaquad) and QX (QuadXtra, based on D.H. Cooper "Dual-Triphonic")[6][7][8][9][10] matrix systems.
The QS matrix has been found to offer the advantages of excellent diagonal separation and stereo compatibility, and although the adjacent speaker separation is only 3 dB, this symmetrical distribution produces more stable quadraphonic images than some other matrix systems. The QS record track width is as narrow as a conventional stereo track, so the maximum playing time is the same as conventional stereo records. If the four channels are decoded and afterwards re-encoded to one channel, a normal mono sound with no loss results. QS was the only matrix system that could do that perfectly.
History
As early as 1969 engineer and musician Peter Scheiber developed a matrix system very similar to QS.[11] He also was instrumental in many improvements to SQ (see above) quality, in collaboration with Martin Willcocks and Jim Fosgate.
In the early 1970s Sansui introduced the Four Channel Synthesizer Decoder QS-1[12] and the QSE-1 Encoder[13] based on the QS system in Japan and debuted export to the United States in March 1971. The channel separation was only 3 dB, but because of the human way of hearing it sounded relatively good.
In 1973 Sansui introduced the QS Vario Matrix decoder[14] with 20 dB separation[15] in all directions (The Vario Matrix decoder could also play SQ records on Phase Matrix mode with 6 dB separation. Later Sansui used front-rear logic on the SQ mode.). Two outboard decoders, the QSD-1[15] and QSD-2,[16] as well as the QRX series of larger receiver-amplifiers, incorporated this matrix and up-conversion. Sansui's QS decoders also had good stereo-to-quad capabilities, wrapping the L-R panorama to LB-LF-RF-RB in a horseshoe topology. (The Vario Matrix decoder could synthesize four channel sound with high separation - at least 12 dB.)
The system was often called RM (Regular Matrix) when used on amplifiers or receivers by other trademarks than Sansui. Many Japanese brands like Pioneer or Kenwood had matrix decoders with two modes: - SQ and RM. JVC had two modes on their matrix decoder called Matrix 1 and Matrix 2. That decoder could play both SQ and QS records, but it was a simplified decoder. QS records could also be played on Marantz Vari-Matrix system. (European trademarks like Philips or Bang & Olufsen had only decoders for SQ or both SQ and CD-4 - but not QS.) QS records could give some quadraphonic effect, although far from accurate, when played on an SQ decoder.
The QS matrix technology was used to create the five-channel sound system used for première theater engagements of the 1975 film Tommy.
In June 2018 electronic musician Suzanne Ciani released the album LIVE Quadrophonic using the QS Regular Matrix system. A limited edition of 227 boxed set copies were released as a 12 inch 45 RPM phonograph record. The box also includes a hardware decoder for correct playback, made by Involve Audio. This was one of the first new quadraphonic phonograph recordings to be released since the late 1970s.[17]
Usage
| QS Encoding Matrix[18] | Left Front | Right Front | Left Back | Right Back |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left Total | 0.924 | 0.383 | j0.924 | j0.383 |
| Right Total | 0.383 | 0.924 | -j0.383 | -j0.924 |
j = + 90° phase-shift
| QS Decoding Matrix[18] | Left Total | Right Total |
|---|---|---|
| Left Front | 0.924 | 0.383 |
| Right Front | 0.383 | 0.924 |
| Left Back | -j0.924 | j0.383 |
| Right Back | j0.383 | -j0.924 |
j = + 90° phase-shift
When played on a conventional two channel stereo equipment, the front channels are narrower than ordinary two channels because of the low separation. But the rear channels are heard from points outside the ordinary stereo spectrum. So the QS record gives a totally broader stereo picture than conventional two channel stereo. The point behind the listener is out of phase when played in two channel stereo and extinct in one channel mono listening. In mono the volumes of left and right points behind the listener is reduced with only 3 dB (in SQ 6 dB). (Source: Kjell Stensson: 4-kanalstekniken ännu i startgroparna, in Stereo Hi Fi Handboken 74, Svenska HiFi Institutet 1973, page 30).
Quintaphonic Sound
A five-channel system based on QS, named Quintaphonic Sound, was used for the 1975 film Tommy.[19] The left and right 35mm magnetic soundtracks were QS encoded to create four channels around the cinema audience, while the centre mag track was assigned to the speaker behind the screen. The mag FX track was unused. This channel layout (5.0) was similar to the now common 5.1 surround sound configuration.
Hardware
The QSD-1 Quadphonic Synthesizer[15] (a rack-mount module) was introduced in 1971, soon followed by the smaller, boxy QSD-2.
As of 2018 the Australian company Involve Audio is making a QS decoder called Surround Master,[20][21] which claims to use the same specifications as the QSD-1. The decoder included with the Suzanne Cianni album used this technology.
Bibliography
- R. Ito and S. Takahashi, Characteristics of the Sansui QS Vario-Matrix (presented at the Audio Engineering Society 43rd Convention, Los Angeles, September 1972) read on-line
- R. Ito, “Proposed universal encoding standard for compatible four-channel matrixing,” JAES April 1972. (First presented at the 41st A.E.S Convention, 7 October 1971). Also reprinted in “Quadraphony” Anthology, AES 1975 pp. 125–131.
- Sansui QS Tech Manual (QSD-1) read on-line
References
- ^ "Patent US3757047A, Four channel sound reproduction system". Google Patents. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^ "QS matrix encoded Quadrophonic by Afalout | Discogs Lists". www.discogs.com.
- ^ "Quadraphonic Discography "Quadraphonic Record-Popular Recordings"". www.surrounddiscography.com.
- ^ "Quadraphonic Systems". midimagic.sgc-hosting.com.
- ^ "QM matrix encoded Quadraphonic media by Afalout | Discogs Lists". www.discogs.com.
- ^ Inc, Nielsen Business Media (August 12, 1972). "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. – via Google Books.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "Universal Systems: One Method of Making Incompatible Systems Compatible, Billboard, August 1973, p.35" (PDF).
- ^ "QXA-1 advert".
- ^ "Dual Triphonic QX-1A adapter".
- ^ "QuadXtra record advert".
- ^ "Surround Sound History". midimagic.sgc-hosting.com.
- ^ "Sansui QS-1 Four Channel Synthesizer Decoder Manual | HiFi Engine". www.hifiengine.com.
- ^ "Sansui QSE-1 QS Encoder Manual | HiFi Engine". www.hifiengine.com.
- ^ "Characteristics of the Sansui QS Vario-Matrix 1 and 2 by Ty chamberlain - Issuu". issuu.com.
- ^ a b c "Sansui QSD-1 Four Channel Synthesizer Decoder Manual | HiFi Engine". www.hifiengine.com.
- ^ "Sansui QSD-2 4-Channel Synthesizer Decoder Manual | HiFi Engine". www.hifiengine.com.
- ^ "Analog Surround-Sound Is Reborn on a New Quadraphonic LP". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ a b Eargle, John M. (December 6, 2012). Handbook of Recording Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401093668 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Home - Red Diamond Audio". 11 September 2020.
- ^ "Surround Master V2".
- ^ "Surround Master V3 Unboxing - Involve Audio Surround Decoder" – via www.youtube.com.