RTL/2

RTL/2

Paradigm	structured, imperative
Designed by	Imperial Chemical Industries
Developer	J.G.P. Barnes
First appeared	1972
OS	Cross-platform (multi-platform)
Dialects
none
Influenced by
Algol 68

RTL/2 was a high-level programming language developed at Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd by J.G.P. Barnes. It was originally used internally within ICI but was distributed by SPL International in 1974 It was designed for use in real-time computing (hence the initials RTL = real-time language). Based on concepts from Algol 68, it was intended to be a small, simple language. RTL/2 was standardised in 1980 by the British Standards Institution.

RTL/2 was a strongly typed language with separate compilation. The compilation units contained one or more items known as "bricks", i.e.:

• procedure bricks,
• data bricks,
• stack bricks.

A procedure brick was a procedure, which may or may not return a (scalar) value, have (scalar) parameters, or have local (scalar) variables. The entry mechanism and implementation of local variables was re-entrant. Non-scalar data could only be accessed via reference (so-called REF variables were considered scalar).

A data brick was a named static collection of scalars, arrays and records. Programmers had to implement memory management themselves (there was no heap or garbage collection).

A stack brick was an area of storage reserved for running all the procedures of a single process and contained the call stack, local variables and other housekeeping items. The extent to which stack bricks were actually used varied depending upon the host environment in which RTL/2 programs actually ran.

Access to the host environment of an RTL/2 program was provided via special procedure and data bricks called SVC procedures and SVC data. These were accessible in RTL/2 but implemented in some other language in the host environment.

Hello World

TITLE Hello World;

LET NL=10;

EXT PROC(REF ARRAY BYTE) TWRT;

ENT PROC RRJOB() INT;
:TWRT("Hello World#NL#");
:RETURN(1);
ENDPROC;

Dropping into Assembler

RTL/2 compiles to assembly language and provides the CODE statement to permit assembly language to be inserted directly into RTL/2 programs. This is only available when compiled with a systems programming option (CN:F)

The Code statement takes two operands: the number of bytes used by the code insert and the number of bytes of stack used.

Within code statements two trip characters are used to access RTL/2 variables. These vary from operating system to operating system. On PDP-11 and VAX/VMS the trip characters are '*' and '/'

While the specifics varied by operating system the following is an example of a code insert on VAX/VMS:

CODE 6,0;

JMP CODE_ENT ; This code insert can be set to a fixed length as it jumps to a new psect.

; this technique is especially useful on systems such as VMS where the length

; of instructions is variable

.SAVE_PSECT ; Save current program section

.PSECT ASMB_CODE,EXE,NOWRT,LONG

CODE_ENT:

MOVL *PARAM1(AP),*COUNTER/MYDATA

JMP CODE_EX

.RESTORE_PSECT

CODE_EX:

*RTL

This code insert moves the value of a variable passed into the RTL/2 procedure into a variable called COUNTER in a data brick called MYDATA.

Reserved Words

ABS

AND

ARRAY

BIN

BLOCK

BY

BYTE

CODE

DATA

DO

ELSE

ELSEIF

END

ENDBLOCK

ENDDATA

ENDPROC

ENT

EXT

FOR

FRAC

GOTO

HEX

IF

INT

LABEL

LAND

LENGTH

LET

LOR

MOD

NEV

NOT

OCT

OF

OPTION

OR

PROC

REAL

REF

REP

RETURN

RTL

SHA

SHL

SLA

SLL

SRA

SRL

STACK

SVC

SWITCH

THEN

TITLE

TO

VAL

WHILE

References

• Barnes, J.G.P., "RTL/2 design and philosophy", Heyden, 1976; 164pp

SPL Documentation

SPL published a range of documentation for RTL/2. Each of these documents had a reference number assigned. The following is an incomplete list.

RTL/2 Ref 1 - Language Specification RTL/2 Ref 2 - Introduction to RTL/2 RTL/2 Ref 3 - RTL/2 Training Manual RTL/2 Ref 4 - System Standards RTL/2 Ref 5 - Stream I/O RTL/2 Ref 18 - Hints on writing RTL/2 Programs RTL/2 Ref 26 - Language Reference Card RTL/2 Ref 39 - Run time environment on the PDP-11 RTL/2 Ref 63 - User Manual for the PDP-11 under RSX-11M RTL/2 Ref 107- VAX/VMS RTL/2 User Manual RTL/2 REF 130- The RTL/2 32 bit run time environment on the VAX